The Effects of 2,4-D Spray Drift on Sunflowers

Greenshields, J. E. R.; Putt, Eric D.

doi:10.4141/cjps58-037

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…These findings alone are qualitative, but when considered with blossom counts support the hypothesis of AZ drift contamination. Such descriptive findings are supported in other studies of regional (localized) drift damage to sensitive plants from pesticides [17,26]. Employment of such categorical damage assessments using leaf chlorosis has been shown reliable in evaluating pesticide exposure to nontarget plants [14].…”

Section: Branch Leaf Number and Percent Of Chlorosis +mentioning

confidence: 66%

“…Plants have been commonly used for evaluating the toxicity of various chemicals released into the environment [16,20,[25][26][27][28]. Investigations [17,28,29] on effects of direct and secondary drift of pesticides have reported observational damage to plants miles from the source.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mechanism for distribution of low levels of pesticides has been indicated to be various forms of drift [17]. Occurrence of exposure to nontarget plants in the agricultural community, including events associated with regional drift, is well documented in the literature [14,17,[26][27][28]. Based on observations by farmers in NET, a similar event is occurring as related to phytotoxicity of apple trees.…”

Section: Branch Leaf Number and Percent Of Chlorosis +mentioning

confidence: 96%

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A Study of Apple Trees Exposed to the Fungicide Azoxystrobin and Mixture Interactions With Surfactants

Lange¹

2004

International Journal of Environmental Studies

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A study was conducted to evaluate effects of the chemical Azoxystrobin on apple trees. Previous reports have shown that this commercial chemical is highly toxic to certain varieties of apple trees. Farmers in Northwestern Pennsylvania have reported to regulatory agencies that commercial apple trees are undergoing damage and have indicated that the cause is low exposure doses of Azoxystrobin from various sources. Results show that Azoxystrobin concentrations in the range of 100 parts per trillion and greater adversely affect trees when combined with a surfactant Damage, subacute lowest observable effect concentration, for azoxystrobin alone was shown to be around 10 part per billion. Azoxystrobin was obtained from a commercial spray tank previously used to employ this compound approximately two years ago. Sprayers tested from the local area were shown to have residue concentrations of Azoxystrobin sufficient to inflict damage to apple trees. Concentrations in contaminated sprayers ranged from < 5ppm to 670ppm Azoxystrobin. A spray drift experiment demonstrated that with and without surfactant damage resulted on all leaves at distances of 250 feet. Comparison of apple blossoms in the suspect affected area with a control site suggests that plants exposed to low levels of this chemical exhibit greater blossom abnormality. It is hypothesized that damage from drift results to apple trees miles from the contaminant or emission source. Based on the finding of contaminated sprayers and that some products are currently being used which contain Azoxystrobin establishes the existence of a large number of non-point sources for this chemical in Northwestern Pennsylvania. Apple trees have the ability to uptake this chemical through its roots (soil route) when the trees are early in their seasonal development. When trees are in later growth of the season, application of Azoxystrobin to soil did not appear to cause toxicity. Damage on leaves not treated with Azoxystrobin that emerged after application of this chemical to older leaves on the same branch indicates translocation. Study results demonstrate that use of compounds containing Azoxystrobin in general locations where apple trees or other sensitive plants are grown result in chronic toxicity from low dose exposures.

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Section: Branch Leaf Number and Percent Of Chlorosis +mentioning

confidence: 66%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Branch Leaf Number and Percent Of Chlorosis +mentioning

confidence: 96%

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A Study of Apple Trees Exposed to the Fungicide Azoxystrobin and Mixture Interactions With Surfactants

Lange¹

2004

International Journal of Environmental Studies

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“…Mots cl6s: Endommagement des cultures, d6rive des herbicides, rendement, teneur en huile Sunflower is very sensitive to low doses of many herbicides, including: 2,4-D (Greenshields and Putt 1958;Dexter 1980; Wall 1996), dicamba (Coultas et al l98l; Derksen 1989), bromoxynil, glyphosate, paraquat, and picloram (Coultas et al 1981) and the sulfonylureas (Friesen and Wall l99l;Kotoula-Syka et al 1993;Wall 1994). In western Canada, imazethapyr is registered for control of annual weeds in alfalfa, dry beans, field pea and tolerant canola cultivars, but it can be phytotoxic to sunflower when applied to soil or foliage (Hart et al l99l).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) tolerance to sublethal doses of imazethapyr

Wall¹

1996

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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Wall, D. A. 1996. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) tolerance to sublethal doses of imazethapyr. Can. J' Plant Sci.76: g37-g40. Field experiments were conducted from I 992 to 1995 at Morden, Manitoba to investigate the tolerance of sunflower to sublethal doses of imazethapyr {2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(l-methylethyl)-5-oxo-111-imidazol-2-yll-5-ethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid). Imazethupy. *'ui uppfiiO atO,O.llS,0.75, 1.5, 3, and.6

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“…Symptomology following exposure to phenoxyacetate herbicides has been described in nontarget plants [4,20]. Studies in Washington have examined the effects of dilute herbicide sprays (0.3-0.01 of the maximum use rates) on grapes, alfalfa, roses, and sweet cherries [21][22][23][24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomonitoring with sentinel plants to assess exposure of nontarget crops to atmospheric deposition of herbicide residues

Felsot

Bhatti

Mink

et al. 1996

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-In regions of highly diversified agriculture, herbicides used in one field may not be compatible with crops growing in nearby fields. Injury to nontarget crops may occur from drift or localized atmospheric transport of herbicide residues. Pea, bean, and corn seedlings have been used as sentinels to detect atmospheric deposition of trace residues. Seedlings were exposed at various locations throughout south central Washington and exchanged on a weekly basis with a new set of plants. Plants were returned to a lath house and observed over 3 weeks for development of symptoms indicative of probable exposure to four classes of herbicidessulfonylureas, phenoxyacetates, aminophosphonic acids, and bipyridiliniums. The most frequently observed symptoms on sentinel plants were chlorotic spots on the upper leaf surfaces; such symptoms were created under controlled conditions by exposing plants to aerosols of the sulfonylurea (SU) herbicide chlorsulfuron. For 3 years, the greatest incidence of probable SU symptoms was detected during April; however, occurrence of symptoms was not correlated with periods of maximum use of SU herbicides on wheat in the region. The results suggested a general atmospheric loading of herbicides with occasional deposition, rather than point source drift. Further tests are needed to quantitate the exposures of sentinel plants and determine if chlorotic spots are associated with adverse physiological effects.

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The Effects of 2,4-D Spray Drift on Sunflowers

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

A Study of Apple Trees Exposed to the Fungicide Azoxystrobin and Mixture Interactions With Surfactants

A Study of Apple Trees Exposed to the Fungicide Azoxystrobin and Mixture Interactions With Surfactants

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) tolerance to sublethal doses of imazethapyr

Biomonitoring with sentinel plants to assess exposure of nontarget crops to atmospheric deposition of herbicide residues

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