The effects of a microwave heating method on the production of activated carbon from agricultural waste: A review

Hesas, Roozbeh Hoseinzadeh; Daud, Wan Mohd Ashri Wan; Sahu, J.N.; Arami-Niya, Arash

doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2012.12.019

Cited by 277 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…Figure 7a shows that the absorption band at around 3600 to 2400 cm -1 disappeared for the samples prepared using 1 to 30 % H3PO4. The band disappeared due to the formation of polyphosphate and inorganic species in the carbon (Hesas et al 2011). This finding shows that the H3PO4 activation can remove excess water and convert the methyl group in the precursor to AC with rich-pore structure.…”

Section: Surface Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 87%

Textural and Chemical Properties of Activated Carbon Prepared from Tropical Peat Soil by Chemical Activation Method

Khadiran¹,

Hussein²,

Zainal³

et al. 2014

BioResources

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Activated carbon (AC) was produced via phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) chemical activation methods at 500 o C for 3 h. Tropical peat soil was used as a carbon precursor. The effects of activating agent concentrations on the microstructure and chemical properties of activated carbon were studied. Activated carbon with a high BET (BrunauerEmmett-Teller) specific surface area (SBET) and a high total pore volume (Vpore) was produced using a 30% H3PO4 chemical activation method. The SBET and Vpore of the activated carbon at this condition were 1974 m 2 /g and 1.41 cm 3 /g, respectively. However, the activated carbon prepared using ZnCl2 activation only had a SBET of 794 m 2 /g and a Vpore of 0.11 cm 3 /g. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms of both activated carbons exhibited a combination of Type I and Type II isotherms, due to the simultaneous presence of micro-and mesopores structures. The microcrystallinity of the activated carbons was characterized using an Xray diffractometer and a Raman Spectroscopy, respectively. The activated carbon produced using H3PO4 activation had higher crystalline properties than the activated carbon prepared using ZnCl2 activation. Thus, this article demonstrates the potential of tropical peat soil as a precursor of AC production.

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Section: Surface Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 87%

Textural and Chemical Properties of Activated Carbon Prepared from Tropical Peat Soil by Chemical Activation Method

Khadiran¹,

Hussein²,

Zainal³

et al. 2014

BioResources

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“…Besides volumetric heating, microwave heating offers a number of advantages such as: (1) selective material heating; (2) rapid heating; (3) non-contact heating; (4) quick start-up and stopping; (5) the ability to treat waste in-situ ; (6) and portability of equipment and processes [12,13]. Based on these distinguished advantages, microwaves have been used in various technological and scientific fields, for example: food processing; different drying processes; as a remedial tool used in the area of sludge processing, medical waste treatment, contaminated soil remediation, waste water cleanup, and activated carbon regeneration; sintering of metals andceramics; plasma processing; preparation of functional materials; pollution control; pyrolysis processes and many other physical and chemical fields in recent years [4,5,8,10,11,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Microwave-Matter Interaction Fundamentals and Efficient Microwave-Associated Heating Strategies

2016

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Microwave heating is rapidly emerging as an effective and efficient tool in various technological and scientific fields. A comprehensive understanding of the fundamentals of microwave–matter interactions is the precondition for better utilization of microwave technology. However, microwave heating is usually only known as dielectric heating, and the contribution of the magnetic field component of microwaves is often ignored, which, in fact, contributes greatly to microwave heating of some aqueous electrolyte solutions, magnetic dielectric materials and certain conductive powder materials, etc. This paper focuses on this point and presents a careful review of microwave heating mechanisms in a comprehensive manner. Moreover, in addition to the acknowledged conventional microwave heating mechanisms, the special interaction mechanisms between microwave and metal-based materials are attracting increasing interest for a variety of metallurgical, plasma and discharge applications, and therefore are reviewed particularly regarding the aspects of the reflection, heating and discharge effects. Finally, several distinct strategies to improve microwave energy utilization efficiencies are proposed and discussed with the aim of tackling the energy-efficiency-related issues arising from the application of microwave heating. This work can present a strategic guideline for the developed understanding and utilization of the microwave heating technology.

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“…Mesoporous activated carbon from palm kernel shells has been studied by several researchers [10,[12][13][14]. In this study, activation in making of activated carbon carried out by chemical activation using H3PO4 followed carbonization using a muffle furnace refers to methods of Lim et al [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The potential of palm kernel shell activated carbon as an adsorbent for β-carotene recovery from crude palm oil

Ulfah

Raharjo

Hastuti

et al. 2016

AIP Conference Proceedings

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The effect of early posthatch local feed in pectoralis muscle of Jawa Super chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) AIP Conference Proceedings 1755, 140003 (2016) Abstract. The study aimed to obtain of palm kernel shell activated carbon (PKSAC) potentially as an adsorbent for recovery of β-carotene from crude palm oil. Activation of palm kernel shell carbon was done chemically using phosphoric acid at impregnation ratio of 3 (ml/g) for 24 hours and carbonization at 500 o C for 30 min and 60 min called PKSAC30 and PKSAC60 respectively. The results showed that the yield of PKSAC30 and PKSAC60 were 48.82% and 47.67%, the surface area were 1665.823 and 1680.877 m 2 /g respectively, whereas surface area of decolorized activated charcoal (DAC) as control activated carbon was 1068.391 m 2 /g. PKSAC30 able to adsorb β-carotene in isopropyl alcohol at the equilibrium as much as 14.32 mg/g, while the DAC as much as 21.58 mg/g. Desorption of β-carotene from DAC using tetrahydrofuran reached 49.99%, while from PKSAC30 reached 28.30%.

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The effects of a microwave heating method on the production of activated carbon from agricultural waste: A review

Cited by 277 publications

References 93 publications

Textural and Chemical Properties of Activated Carbon Prepared from Tropical Peat Soil by Chemical Activation Method

Textural and Chemical Properties of Activated Carbon Prepared from Tropical Peat Soil by Chemical Activation Method

Review on Microwave-Matter Interaction Fundamentals and Efficient Microwave-Associated Heating Strategies

The potential of palm kernel shell activated carbon as an adsorbent for β-carotene recovery from crude palm oil

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