The Effects of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Skeletal Muscle Proteome

Abstract

Skeletal muscle plasticity and its adaptation to exercise is a topic that is widely discussed and investigated due to its primary role in the field of exercise performance and health promotion. Repetitive muscle contraction through exercise stimuli leads to improved cardiovascular output and the regulation of endothelial dysfunction and metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and obesity. Considerable improvements in proteomic tools and data analysis have broth some new perspectives in the study of the molecular mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle adaptation in response to physical activity. In this sense, this review updates the main relevant studies concerning muscle proteome adaptation to acute and chronic exercise, from aerobic to resistance training, as well as the proteomic profile of natural inbred high running capacity animal models. Also, some promising prospects in the muscle secretome field are presented, in order to better understand the role of physical activity in the release of extracellular microvesicles and myokines activity. Thus, the present review aims to update the fast-growing exercise-proteomic scenario, leading to some new perspectives about the molecular events under skeletal muscle plasticity in response to physical activity. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 257-269, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Physical activity levels determine exercise-induced changes in brain excitability

“…The HIGH group may have increased stroke volume [12], increased brain perfusion [14], and muscle adaptions that may reduce fatigue [12]. Comparatively, the LOW group lacks these chronic adaptions to exercise, which may reduce neuroplasticity induction.…”

“…Thus, long-term exercise appears to facilitate cognitive function and memory through neuroplasticity and neuroprotective mechanisms. Additionally, regular exercise leads to chronic physiological adaptions that impact the response to a single session of aerobic exercise (see review: [12]). These adaptions include increased metabolic efficiency at a given heart rate [12], increased stroke volume [13], increased brain perfusion [14], and alterations in individual responses to stress, anxiety, and perceived rate of exertion [12].…”

Mechanosensitive Molecular Networks Involved in Transducing Resistance Exercise-Signals into Muscle Protein Accretion

“…Some indicatory information can e.g., be retrieved from comparative studies on the differential effects of differentiated exercise (MacNeil et al, 2010; Vissing and Schjerling, 2014; Petriz et al, 2016). However, the knowledge on specific mechanotransducing mechanisms presented below (see also Figure 1), is predominantly based on findings from in vitro or animal studies.…”

Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise Training

“…It also improves your appearance and delay the aging process. Moreover, physiological systems possess acute and chronic adaptations to exercise dependent on volume and intensity [34,42]. Energy for acute exercise is derived from a small amount of ATP and CP stored in muscle cells.…”

“…Increase of oxygen consumption induced by acute exercise leads to increase in the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) that is associated with muscle fatigue or damage [3]. In addition, A study by Petriz et al [42] with proteomic analysis showed that protein carbonylation and enzymes related to energy metabolism were significantly reduced in the soleus muscle after the acute bout. Aerobic exercise elicits many adaptations in the involved skeletal muscles and in the metabolic and cardiorespiratory systems.…”