The Effects of Cold Exposure on Leukocytes, Hormones and Cytokines during Acute Exercise in Humans

Gagnon, Dominique D.; Gagnon, Sheila S.; Rintamäki, Hannu; Törmäkangas, Timo; Puukka, Katri; Herzig, Karl‐Heinz; Kyröläinen, Heikki

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110774

Cited by 38 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…In another study, researchers found that trigeminal nerve stimulation using cold sprays and fan on the face was associated with a reduction in heart rate during exercise [14]. Although these mechanisms should be further investigated by measuring skin blood flow and stroke volume, our current results suggest that even mild body cooling reduces heart rate during exercise, similar to previously published data [3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Previous studies examining the effects of exposure to cold on physiological parameters have typically decreased ambient temperature as a method for exposure to cold [3][4][5][6]. In the present study, the ambient temperature and relative humidity were the same in the mild body cooling and control trials.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…Despite differences in the degree of cold exposure, researchers have consistently observed heart rate reductions during exercise in a cold environment, compared to that during exercise in a neutral environment [3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Mild Decrease In Skin Temperature Reduces the Heart Rate Durmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mild Decrease in Skin Temperature Reduces the Heart Rate during Moderate Exercise

Konishi¹,

Tabata²,

Ando³

et al. 2017

JSS

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Abstract:The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a mild decrease in skin temperature on the heart rate, substrate oxidation, and hormonal responses during exercise. Ten young men performed treadmill exercises approximately 65% of their maximal oxygen uptake for 60 min under two trials: (1) mild body cooling trial, and (2) control trial. Rectal and skin temperatures were recorded during and after exercise. Heart rate and oxygen uptake were monitored during exercise. Blood samples for catecholamine, cortisol, free fatty acid, insulin, and glucose concentrations were collected before, immediately after, and 1 h after exercise. In the mild body cooling trial, mean skin temperature decreased by 1.7 ± 0.7°C in the last minutes of exercise, compared with before exercise. No differences in rectal temperature were seen between the two trials. Although oxygen uptake during exercise and blood parameters did not differ between the trials, heart rate and subjective fatigue during exercise was lower in the mild body cooling trial than in the control trial. This study suggests that mild body cooling reduces the heart rate and subjective fatigue during moderate exercise, but does not affect substrate oxidation or hormonal responses to exercise.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

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Mild Decrease in Skin Temperature Reduces the Heart Rate during Moderate Exercise

Konishi¹,

Tabata²,

Ando³

et al. 2017

JSS

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“…Quando a integridade do corpo é alterada há a ativação de vias de sinalização neuroendócrinas e os exercícios físicos atuam tanto como estressores como modificadores da resposta sistêmica. Utilizada como um confiável modelo de estresse físico, a atividade física promove modificações nas concentrações séricas de hormônios do estresse como catecolaminas (epinefrina e norepinfrina), hormônio do crescimento (GH), cortisol e dos hormônios sexuais (testosterona e estrógeno) (GAGNON et al, 2014;KRÜGER et al, 2011;LANCASTER et al, 2004;PEDERSEN;HOFFMAN-GOETZ, 2000).…”

Section: A Atividade Física Modulando Os Sistemas Endócrino E Imuneunclassified

“…O aumento na produção de testosterona durante o exercício físico pode modular a atividade de macrófagos e linfócitos, que possuem receptores para hormônios sexuais, podendo aumentar a suscetibilidade a infecções em atletas profissionais (GAGNON et al, 2014;HEJAZI;HOSSEINI, 2012;PEDERSEN;HOFFMAN-GOETZ, 2000 , v. 9, n. 1, p. 175-186, jan./abr. 2016 -ISSN 1983-1870 -e-ISSN 2176-9206 …”

Section: A Atividade Física Modulando Os Sistemas Endócrino E Imuneunclassified

Intensidade de Exercício Físico e Imunomodulação: Impactos em Infecções das Vias Aéreas

Lopes¹,

Muniz²,

Silva

2016

SaudPesq

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RESUMO:A atividade física tem sido utilizada como ferramenta de auxílio para a diminuição da incidência de diversos riscos, tais como obesidade, desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares e diabetes. Além disso, ela tem sido descrita como medida imunomodulatória. O exercício físico possui algumas variáveis, dentre elas a frequência do exercício e a intensidade do mesmo. As variáveis nesse âmbito têm sido relacionadas a diferentes efeitos na modulação da resposta desenvolvida em diferentes sistemas e por vezes pode estar associada ao aumento da suscetibilidade a infecções ou ao aumento da resistência a infecções. O sistema respiratório representa uma das maiores portas de entrada para microrganismos patogênicos apresentando grande incidência de doenças infecciosas em atletas de elite. O exercício moderado tem sido associado a uma proteção contra infecções respiratórias causadas por vírus e por bactérias quando comparado ao exercício intenso, que de forma contrária, tem sido relacionado ao aumento da suscetibilidade a essas infecções principalmente em atletas praticantes de atividade física intensa. Nessa revisão pontuamos os aspectos mais recentes associados à modulação da resposta imune pela atividade física e suas implicações em infecções no sistema respiratório. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Exercício; Imunologia; Microbiologia; Respiração. INTENSIT Y OF PHYSICAL EXERCISES AND IMMUNOMODULATION: IMPACTS IN INFECTIONS OF THE AERIAL PATHWAYSABSTRACT: Physical activity has been employed as a tool to lessen the occurrence of several types of risks, such as obesity, development of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. In fact, it has been described as an immunomodulating measure. Physical exercise has several variables among which may be mentioned frequency of exercises and their intensity. Variables have been related to different effects in the modulation of response developed in several systems and frequently due to its association to increase in susceptibility to infections or to increase in the resistance to infections. The respiratory system is one of the biggest entrances for pathogenic microorganisms with the occurrence of infectious diseases in athletes. Moderate exercises have been associated to the protection against respiratory infections caused by viruses and bacteria when it is compared to intense exercises; otherwise, it is related to increase in susceptibility to these infections mainly in athletes who practice intense physical activity. Current review demonstrates the most recent aspects associated to the modulation of immune response by physical activity and its implications in the infections of the respiratory system.

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Immune response to cold exposure: Role of γδ T cells and TLR2‐mediated inflammation

Vasek,

Holicek,

Galatik

et al. 2024

Eur J Immunol

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The mammalian body possesses remarkable adaptability to cold exposure, involving intricate adjustments in cellular metabolism, ultimately leading to thermogenesis. However, cold‐induced stress can impact immune response, primarily through noradrenaline‐mediated pathways. In our study, we utilized a rat model subjected to short‐term or long‐term mild cold exposure to investigate systemic immune response during the cold acclimation. To provide human relevance, we included a group of regular cold swimmers in our study. Our research revealed complex relationship between cold exposure, neural signaling, immune response, and thermogenic regulation. One‐day cold exposure triggered stress response, including cytokine production in white adipose tissue, subsequently activating brown adipose tissue, and inducing thermogenesis. We further studied systemic immune response, including the proportion of leukocytes and cytokines production. Interestingly, γδ T cells emerged as possible regulators in the broader systemic response, suggesting their possible contribution in the dynamic process of cold adaptation. We employed RNA‐seq to gain further insights into the mechanisms by which γδ T cells participate in the response to cold. Additionally, we challenged rats exposed to cold with the Toll‐like receptor 2 agonist, showing significant modulation of immune response. These findings significantly contribute to understanding of the physiological acclimation that occur in response to cold exposure.

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The Effects of Cold Exposure on Leukocytes, Hormones and Cytokines during Acute Exercise in Humans

Cited by 38 publications

References 54 publications

Mild Decrease in Skin Temperature Reduces the Heart Rate during Moderate Exercise

Mild Decrease in Skin Temperature Reduces the Heart Rate during Moderate Exercise

Intensidade de Exercício Físico e Imunomodulação: Impactos em Infecções das Vias Aéreas

Immune response to cold exposure: Role of γδ T cells and TLR2‐mediated inflammation

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