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RESUMO:A atividade física tem sido utilizada como ferramenta de auxílio para a diminuição da incidência de diversos riscos, tais como obesidade, desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares e diabetes. Além disso, ela tem sido descrita como medida imunomodulatória. O exercício físico possui algumas variáveis, dentre elas a frequência do exercício e a intensidade do mesmo. As variáveis nesse âmbito têm sido relacionadas a diferentes efeitos na modulação da resposta desenvolvida em diferentes sistemas e por vezes pode estar associada ao aumento da suscetibilidade a infecções ou ao aumento da resistência a infecções. O sistema respiratório representa uma das maiores portas de entrada para microrganismos patogênicos apresentando grande incidência de doenças infecciosas em atletas de elite. O exercício moderado tem sido associado a uma proteção contra infecções respiratórias causadas por vírus e por bactérias quando comparado ao exercício intenso, que de forma contrária, tem sido relacionado ao aumento da suscetibilidade a essas infecções principalmente em atletas praticantes de atividade física intensa. Nessa revisão pontuamos os aspectos mais recentes associados à modulação da resposta imune pela atividade física e suas implicações em infecções no sistema respiratório. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Exercício; Imunologia; Microbiologia; Respiração. INTENSIT Y OF PHYSICAL EXERCISES AND IMMUNOMODULATION: IMPACTS IN INFECTIONS OF THE AERIAL PATHWAYSABSTRACT: Physical activity has been employed as a tool to lessen the occurrence of several types of risks, such as obesity, development of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. In fact, it has been described as an immunomodulating measure. Physical exercise has several variables among which may be mentioned frequency of exercises and their intensity. Variables have been related to different effects in the modulation of response developed in several systems and frequently due to its association to increase in susceptibility to infections or to increase in the resistance to infections. The respiratory system is one of the biggest entrances for pathogenic microorganisms with the occurrence of infectious diseases in athletes. Moderate exercises have been associated to the protection against respiratory infections caused by viruses and bacteria when it is compared to intense exercises; otherwise, it is related to increase in susceptibility to these infections mainly in athletes who practice intense physical activity. Current review demonstrates the most recent aspects associated to the modulation of immune response by physical activity and its implications in the infections of the respiratory system.

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Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compose the two major noncommunicable chronic infl ammatory diseases. Physical activity has been shown as a promising complementary approach to control the systemic infl ammation. However, it is still unclear whether this modulation is genderdependent. The objective of this study was evaluate the gender-related infl uence of physical activity on the infl ammatory response and biochemical profi le of individuals with SAH and T2DM. An international physical activity questionnaire was applied to 376 individuals diagnosed with SAH and T2DM in order to access their exercises routine and was evaluated the infl uence of physical activity in biochemical, anthropometrical, and immunological markers involved in these disorders in men and women. Even though active individuals have exhibited lower serum levels of IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17A, the ratios between IL-10 and all infl ammatory cytokines were higher in men than in women. Physically active individuals also demonstrated increased HDL/LDL and HDL/ VLDL ratios. Moreover, multiple correlations revealed that in active women both IL-10 and TNF-α serum levels positively correlate with fasting glucose levels, and were negatively associated with HDL levels. Our fi ndings suggest that gender-related differences dictate a distinct crosstalk between infl ammatory and biochemical markers in physically active individuals.