The effects of downhill and uphill exercise training on osteogenesis-related factors in ovariectomy-induced bone loss

Abstract

[Purpose]Recent evidence suggests that regular exercise training plays a decisive role in maintaining homeostasis and promoting muscle and skeletal formation. However, the effect of downhill exercise training on osteogenesis-related factors is not well understood.[Methods]Thus, we investigated the effect of uphill and downhill training on ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss. After ovary removal, the exercise method performed included uphill (16 m/min, +15°) and downhill training (16 m/min, –15°) for 60 min/day and 5 days/week, respectively, for 8 weeks.[Results]Our results showed that both uphill and downhill training significantly decreased the body weight, total cholesterol, and creatine kinase (CK) levels in the context of OVX-induced bone loss. On the contrary, levels of an osteogenesis indicator, osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase were elevated. Consequently, the uphill and downhill training reduced OVX- induced bone loss in the distal femoral metaphysis. Likewise, the bone microstructure in OVX-induced bone loss was enhanced upon training. In particular, the inhibition of RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and osteoclast-specific gene expression improved upon downhill training compared to uphill training.[Conclusion]These results suggest that the uphill and downhill exercise types appeared to positively affect the expression of osteogenesis-related factors along with bone density and microstructure. Particularly, the downhill training has more beneficial effects on the maintenance of homeostasis during bone formation.

Downhill Running: What Are The Effects and How Can We Adapt? A Narrative Review

“…[6,10]); (3) studying the effects of strenuous exercise on physiological adaptations and/or alterations (e.g. [11][12][13]); (4) testing different strategies to attenuate EIMD and/or improve subsequent recovery (e.g. [14][15][16]).…”

Effect of Aerobic Training and Vitamin D Consumption on NFATc1 Gene Expression in Bone Tissue of Rats Exposed to H2O2

“…The rats were randomly divided into 10 groups including (1) control (C), (2) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)+ normal saline (sham) (Sh), (3) 1 mmol/kg H 2 O 2 (1H), (4) 1H+VD, (5) 1H+T, (6) 1H+VD+T, (7) 2 mmol/kg H 2 O 2 (2H), (8) 2H+VD, (9) 2H+T, and (10) 2H+VD+T. Then, rats in the 1H groups received 1 mmol/kg H 2 O 2 intraperitoneally (11), and those in the 2H groups received a dose of 2 mmol/kg (12) three times per week on even days (11).…”

“…Exercise increases bone minerals (calcium and phosphorus) by enhancing the secretion of estrogen hormone, increasing the levels of calcitonin hormone, and modulating the parathyroid hormone (7,8). Also, exercise can modulate osteoclasts under bone loss conditions by activating growth factors, increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, and increasing bone capacity for bone absorption and resorption (9). In this regard, eight weeks of exercise in positive and negative slopes reduced RANKL in ovariectomized (OVX) rats; however, a negative slope training had a more favorable effect on RANKL modulation than did a positive slope (9).…”

“…Also, exercise can modulate osteoclasts under bone loss conditions by activating growth factors, increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, and increasing bone capacity for bone absorption and resorption (9). In this regard, eight weeks of exercise in positive and negative slopes reduced RANKL in ovariectomized (OVX) rats; however, a negative slope training had a more favorable effect on RANKL modulation than did a positive slope (9). Interval and continuous training could decrease the expression of RANKL and bone marrow macrophages in OVX rats; however, the effect of interval training was more favorable than continuous training (10).…”

The Effect of Running on Positive and Negative Slopes on Serotonin Levels in the Hippocampus Tissue of Rats with Alzheimer’s Disease

“…The training groups ran on the treadmill for one week, three sessions per week, at a speed of 5 to 10 m/min for 5 to 10 min. Then, the rats in the positive training group (at a speed of 16 m/min on positive upward slope) and negative training group (at a speed of 16 m/min on negative downhill slope) performed endurance training for eight weeks, five sessions per week and 60 minutes per session (15). To perform training, rats initially ran on the treadmill with zero slope for 5 min at a speed of 8 m/min for warmup; afterward, the training groups performed training at a speed of 15 cm/s in the first week at +15% and -15% slopes, adding 5 cm/s to the treadmill speed each week.…”