The Effects of Exposure Duration and Feeding Status on Fish Bile Metabolites: Implications for Biomonitoring

Bile Metabolites of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Three Species of Fish from the Severn Estuary

“…A few studies have investigated variations in bile metabolite concentrations over time (Lin et al, 1994;Eggens et al, 1996) but most have involved sampling "sh for a limited period of a few weeks (Goks+yr et al, 1991;BritvicH et al, 1993;Brumley et al, 1998;Pointet and Milliet, 2000).…”

Distribution and bioconcentration of endocrine disrupting chemicals in surface water and fish bile of the Pearl River Delta, South China

“…numerous chemical substances, including estrogens and alkylphenols, tend to concentrate as glucuronide and sulfate conjugates in fish bile (Larsson et al, 1999;Ferreira-Leach and Hill, 2001;Legler et al, 2002;Pedersen and Hill, 2002). Moreover, analysis of fish bile, representative of recent exposure to bioavailable contaminants, was employed to identify and quantify polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Ruddock et al, 2003;Johnson-Restrepo et al, 2008), chlorinated phenols (Brumley et al, 1998), resin, and fatty acids from pulp and paper mill effluents (Leppänen et al, 1998). Finally, a good correlation (r = 0.81 and p = 0.0002) was found between the bile E2 activity equivalents (EEQs) concentration and plasma vitellogenin induction in male bream, demonstrating that occurrence of biliary xenoestrogens can be an indication of internal exposure to these compounds (Legler et al, 2002).…”

Exposure assessment of fishes to a modern pulp and paper mill effluents after a black liquor spill

“…According to Brumley et al (1998), the feeding status of fish at the time of sampling influences the measurement of bile metabolites of organic compounds. Since the laboratory exposures were conducted in identical conditions, bias from differences in physical or chemical conditions can be excluded.…”