The Effects of Forward Head Posture on Neck Extensor Muscle Thickness: An Ultrasonographic Study

Goodarzi, Fereshte; Rahnama, Leila; Karimi, Noureddin; Baghi, Raziyeh; Jaberzadeh, Shapour

doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2017.07.012

Cited by 31 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…11 Because allometric scaling requires many participants, basic ratio scaling with body mass has been used frequently in determining neck muscle size and thickness characteristics. 10,12 In addition to permitting measurements of the CSA and thickness of the cervical muscles, recent advances in US technology have allowed clinicians and researchers to assess the tissue biomechanical properties (eg, stiffness) of targeted muscles using shear-wave elastography (SWE). Traditionally, head or neck stiffness was measured during dynamic-perturbation tasks in which a participant's head was attached to a cable with a weight, and he or she had to react as soon as the cable was released.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Ultrasound-Based Muscle Size and Mechanical Properties of the Cervical-Flexor and -Extensor Muscles

Nagai

Schilaty

Krause

et al. 2020

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context Neck pain (NP), neck injuries, and concussions are more prevalent in female athletes than in their male counterparts. Females exhibit less neck girth, strength, and stiffness against a perturbation. As part of the clinical examination for individuals with NP, ultrasound (US)–based imaging of the cervical muscles has become common. Muscle size or thickness and stiffness can be measured with US-based B-mode and shear-wave elastography (SWE), respectively. Information on reliability, normative values, and sex differences based on US-based muscle size or thickness and stiffness in young and athletic individuals is limited. Objective To evaluate sex differences in US-based muscle size or thickness and biomechanical properties of the cervical-flexor and -extensor muscles. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants A total of 13 women (age = 23.7 ± 1.9 years, height = 167.1 ± 6.1 cm, mass = 63.8 ± 5.6 kg) and 11 men (age = 25.6 ± 4.9 years, height = 178.7 ± 8.3 cm, mass = 78.9 ± 12.0 kg). Main Outcome Measure(s) The same examiner collected all measures, using US B-mode to scan the cross-sectional area and thickness of the longus colli (LC), sternocleidomastoid (SCM), cervical-extensor muscles, and upper trapezius (UT) muscle. The US SWE-mode was used to measure the stiffness of the SCM and UT. Independent t tests or Mann-Whitney U tests were calculated to determine sex differences. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) measured intrarater test-retest reliability. Results Men had thicker SCMs than women (P = .01). No sex differences were present for longus colli cross-sectional area, cervical-extensor muscle thickness, or UT thickness (P > .05). In addition, no sex differences were evident for SCM (P = .302) or UT (P = .703) SWE stiffness. Reliability was good to excellent (ICC = 0.715–0.890) except for SCM SWE stiffness (ICC = 0.554). Conclusions The only sex difference was in SCM thickness. However, smaller SCMs in women did not result in less SCM SWE stiffness. We provided normative values for US-based imaging of the cervical-flexor and -extensor muscles in young and athletic men and women.

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confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Ultrasound-Based Muscle Size and Mechanical Properties of the Cervical-Flexor and -Extensor Muscles

Nagai

Schilaty

Krause

et al. 2020

Journal of Athletic Training

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“…Firstly, it may be the rst study to quantitatively assess normal MD elasticity by measuring the SWV during different shoulder active abduction. One the one hand, many previous studies have been about the effects of different head postures on neck or shoulder muscles [25][26]. Meanwhile, reviewing the literature, we found that few studies have focused on muscle elasticity during different shoulder active abduction of bilateral shoulder.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

WITHDRAWN: Quantitative assessment of middle deltoid elasticity during different shoulder abduction using shear wave elastography: A preliminary study

Wang

Xiang

Zhu

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: To measure the middle deltoid (MD) elasticity in healthy participants during different shoulder abduction (with bilateral shoulder in 0 degree abduction and 90 degree active abduction) using shear wave elastography (SWE) and analyze the factors that may affect the MD elasticity, and the objective of this study is to establish the reference ranges of normal MD elasticity during different shoulder abduction by using SWE. Methods: Mean shear wave velocity (SWV) of the MD in 70 healthy right-handed participants (35 females, 35 males) were evaluated using SWE during different shoulder abduction, and potential factors that may affect MD elasticity including gender, MD thickness, age, body mass index were analyzed. Different shoulder abduction positions of each participant were as follows: (i) 0° abduction of bilateral shoulder (L0° and R0°), (ii) 90° active abduction of bilateral shoulder (L90° and R90°). Reference ranges of normal MD elasticity were calculated using normal distribution method. Results: Mean SWV was significantly higher at L90° than L0°, higher at R90° than R0°, higher at R0° than L0°, and higher at R90° than L90° (all p< 0.0001). Mean SWV was significantly higher in males at both L0° (p< 0.05) and R0° (p< 0.01) than in females. Neither MD thickness, age nor body mass index influenced MD elasticity. Normal reference ranges of the MD elasticity were 2.4-3.1 m/s in males and 2.2-2.9 m/s in females at L0° and 2.5-3.3 m/s in males and 2.4-3.2 m/s in females at R0°, and were 4.9-6.7 m/s at L90°, 5.2-7.1 m/s at R90° for both males and females. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the normal MD elasticity at L0°, R0°, L90°, and R90° with SWE are different. A separate reference range of normal MD elasticity at L0°, R0°, L90°, and R90° should be used. Moreover, the reference ranges of normal MD elasticity at L0° and R0° shoulder be divided by gender. These values may serve as quantitative baseline measurements for assessment of normal MD elasticity.

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“…It is reported that prolonged poor posture may result in body discomfort and myofascial pain syndrome by placing stress and excessive tension on the lumbar vertebrae (Swann, 2009 ). For example, the forward head posture affected neck extensor muscle thickness (Goodarzi et al, 2018 ), and the spinal misalignment had bad influence on back muscle strength and shoulder range of motion (Imagama et al, 2014 ). Meanwhile, some other studies showed that poor posture had negative impact on the musculo-skeletal system, caused localized muscle fatigue, and may affect physical function and level of abilities (Ahmad and Kim, 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Assessments of a Short-Duration Poor Posture on Upper Limb Muscle Fatigue Before Physical Exercise

Robinson

Tan

et al. 2020

Front. Physiol.

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A forward head and rounded shoulder posture is a poor posture that is widely seen in everyday life. It is known that sitting in such a poor posture with long hours will bring health issues such as muscle pain. However, it is not known whether sitting in this poor posture for a short period of time will affect human activities. This paper investigates the effects of a short-duration poor posture before some typical physical activities such as push-ups. The experiments are set up as follows. Fourteen male subjects are asked to do push-ups until fatigue with two surface electromyography (sEMG) at the upper limb. Two days later, they are asked to sit in this poor posture for 15 min with eight sEMG sensors located at given back muscles. Then they do the push-ups after the short-duration poor posture. The observations from the median frequency of sEMG signals at the upper limb indicate that the short-duration poor posture does affect the fatigue procedure of push-ups. A significant decreasing trend of the performance of push-ups is obtained after sitting in this poor posture. Such effects indicate that some parts of the back muscles indeed get fatigued with only 15 min sitting in this poor posture. By further investigating the time-frequency components of sEMG of back muscles, it is observed that the low and middle frequencies of sEMG signals from the infraspinatus muscle of the dominant side are demonstrated to be more prone to fatigue with the poor posture. Although this study focuses only on push-ups, similar experiments can be arranged for other physical exercises as well. This study provides new insights into the effect of a short-duration poor posture before physical activities. These insights can be used to guide athletes to pay attention to postures before physical activities to improve performance and reduce the risk of injury.

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The Effects of Forward Head Posture on Neck Extensor Muscle Thickness: An Ultrasonographic Study

Cited by 31 publications

References 27 publications

Sex Differences in Ultrasound-Based Muscle Size and Mechanical Properties of the Cervical-Flexor and -Extensor Muscles

Sex Differences in Ultrasound-Based Muscle Size and Mechanical Properties of the Cervical-Flexor and -Extensor Muscles

WITHDRAWN: Quantitative assessment of middle deltoid elasticity during different shoulder abduction using shear wave elastography: A preliminary study

Effective Assessments of a Short-Duration Poor Posture on Upper Limb Muscle Fatigue Before Physical Exercise

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