The effects of four weeks of creatine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness: a randomized controlled trial

Graef, Jennifer L; Smith, Abbie E.; Kendall, Kristina L.; Fukuda, David H.; Moon, Jordan R.; Beck, Travis W.; Cramer, Joel T.; Stout, Jeffrey R.

doi:10.1186/1550-2783-6-18

Cited by 37 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The "anaerobic threshold" in its various manifestations, for example, can be shown to correlate with endurance performance in a heterogeneous population, but may not be a good marker of performance in a more homogeneous population (Faude et al, 2009) and it can change in the opposite direction from performance changes in response to nutritional interventions. In spite of this, however, changes in this measure in response to a supplement intervention are sometimes used as evidence of a performance effect (Graef et al, 2009). Similarly, the Physical Working Capacity at Fatigue Threshold (PWC[FT]) is an indirect measure, based on electromyographic measurements made during an incremental test, that may or may not be relevant to exercise performance (DeVries et al, 2007).…”

Section: Potential Benefits Of Supplement Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Making Decisions About Supplement Use

Maughan

Shirreffs

Vernec

2018

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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The use of dietary supplements is widespread among athletes in all sports and at all levels of competition, as it is in the general population. For the athlete training at the limits of what is sustainable, or for those seeking a shortcut to achieving their aims, supplements offer the prospect of bridging the gap between success and failure. Surveys show, however, that this is often not an informed choice and that the knowledge level among consumers is often low and that they are often influenced in their decisions by individuals with an equally inadequate understanding of the issues at stake. Supplement use may do more harm than good, unless it is based on a sound analysis of the evidence. Where a deficiency of an essential nutrient has been established by appropriate investigations, supplementation can provide a rapid and effective correction of the problem. Supplements can also provide a convenient and time-efficient solution to achieving the necessary intake of key nutrients such as protein and carbohydrate. Athletes contemplating the use of supplements should consider the potential for both positive and negative outcomes. Some ergogenic supplements may be of benefit to some athletes in some specific contexts, but many are less effective than is claimed. Some may be harmful to health of performance and some may contain agents prohibited by anti-doping regulations. Athletes should make informed choices that maximize the benefits while minimizing the risks.

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Section: Potential Benefits Of Supplement Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Making Decisions About Supplement Use

Maughan

Shirreffs

Vernec

2018

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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“…However, they examined different indicators of performance, with Graef, et al looking at ventilatory threshold (VT), VO2peak, and total work done (TWD), and Kendall, et al looking at critical power (CP) and anaerobic work capacity (AWC)Kendall et al, 2009). Graef, et al (2009) demonstrated improvement in VT, with no concurrent improvements to VO2peak or TWD. Considered to be an indicator of endurance performance, VT has been suggested to be a gauge for the ability of the cardiovascular system to adequately supply oxygen to the working muscles).…”

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confidence: 89%

Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Exercise Performance following a Short-term Low Carbohydrate Diet

Born

Rotarius

Scheuermann

2017

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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Purpose:The purpose of this study was to determine if a creatine supplement prevents the decrease in performance while consuming a low carbohydrate (CHO) diet during high-intensity exercise. Compared to the placebo group where the low CHO diet was expected to result in reduced exercise tolerance, it was hypothesized that creatine supplementation would offset the adverse side effects of a low CHO diet, as demonstrated by a similar or improved exercise capacity. Methods: Twenty healthy subjects (8 males, 12 females; 27 ± 7 yrs, ±SD) were randomly assigned to a low CHO plus creatine monohydrate supplement (L-CHO+Cr), low CHO diet and placebo (L-CHO) group, or control (CON). Each subject performed 2 high intensity exercise tolerance tests (HIETT) to fatigue at 90% peak power output (PPO), separated by a 10 days where the subject followed a low CHO diet (<30% total consumption). Subjects completed a progressive exercise test to volitional fatigue to establish baseline fitness determined as peak O2 uptake (VO2peak) and to determine 90% of the peak work. The HEITT was on a 1:1 ratio of 30-seconds at 90% peak work rate followed by 30-seconds of no load active recovery. Heart rate was collected at baseline and every interval during iv both exercise sessions. Subjects consumed a loading dose of creatine monohydrate (20 g/day) or placebo (5g/day), while adhering to a low-CHO diet of <30% CHO total daily consumption. Subjects kept detailed food and exercise logs for the duration of the study. Results:The L-CHO+Cr group was of a similar fitness (36.1 ± 5.3 ml/kg/min) compared to the L-CHO group (36.9 ± 5.8 ml/kg/min) as determined by the progressive test to volitional fatigue. There was a statistically significant difference between the L-CHO+Cr group and the L-CHO HEITT performance pre-and post-dietary intervention (p=0.001).On average the L-CHO+Cr group demonstrated a 20% increase in the total number of bouts performed (pre/post), whereas the placebo group exhibited a 36% decrease. Both groups exhibited an average body fat loss of 1.0%, which was not statistically significant. Conclusion:The results of the present study demonstrated that a creatine loading protocol attenuates the fatigue associated with consuming a diet low in carbohydrate content, and indeed, leads to an improvement in high-intensity interval exercise performance. While the specific mechanism(s) underlying the improvement in performance was not identified in the present study, these findings are consistent with the results of studied demonstrating a significant relationship between the rate of phosphocreatine utilization following a dietary intervention and exercise performance. v

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“…Research is mixed regarding the efficacy of creatine supplementation on intermittent, high-intensity cycling performance. The majority of research suggests that creatine supplementation (5-25 g/day for 3-28 days) can improve total work and average/peak power performance and ventilatory threshold (3-6 cycling trials, 6-120 s of exercise/trial; 20-120 s of rest between trials) in young males and females [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. However, a few studies have failed to observe the same benefits [32][33][34][35].…”

Section: Creatine Monohydratementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, there are only three chronic HIIT studies (>4 weeks), which have examined the potential for creatine to augment training adaptations [23,24,33]. Creatine combined with 4 weeks of HIIT increased ventilatory threshold (VT) [23] and critical power in young males [24] compared to HIIT and placebo. Despite some favorable adaptive responses, there was no effect on whole-body oxygen uptake and time to exhaustion or total work capacity [23,24].…”

Section: Creatine Monohydratementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Creatine combined with 4 weeks of HIIT increased ventilatory threshold (VT) [23] and critical power in young males [24] compared to HIIT and placebo. Despite some favorable adaptive responses, there was no effect on whole-body oxygen uptake and time to exhaustion or total work capacity [23,24]. Forbes et al [33] extended these findings in female participants, demonstrating that 4 weeks of creatine combined with HIIT did not augment improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness, ventilatory threshold, or time trial performance in females when compared to HIIT plus placebo.…”

Section: Creatine Monohydratementioning

confidence: 99%

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Supplements and Nutritional Interventions to Augment High-Intensity Interval Training Physiological and Performance Adaptations—A Narrative Review

et al. 2020

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High-intensity interval training (HIIT) involves short bursts of intense activity interspersed by periods of low-intensity exercise or rest. HIIT is a viable alternative to traditional continuous moderate-intensity endurance training to enhance maximal oxygen uptake and endurance performance. Combining nutritional strategies with HIIT may result in more favorable outcomes. The purpose of this narrative review is to highlight key dietary interventions that may augment adaptations to HIIT, including creatine monohydrate, caffeine, nitrate, sodium bicarbonate, beta-alanine, protein, and essential amino acids, as well as manipulating carbohydrate availability. Nutrient timing and potential sex differences are also discussed. Overall, sodium bicarbonate and nitrates show promise for enhancing HIIT adaptations and performance. Beta-alanine has the potential to increase training volume and intensity and improve HIIT adaptations. Caffeine and creatine have potential benefits, however, longer-term studies are lacking. Presently, there is a lack of evidence supporting high protein diets to augment HIIT. Low carbohydrate training enhances the upregulation of mitochondrial enzymes, however, there does not seem to be a performance advantage, and a periodized approach may be warranted. Lastly, potential sex differences suggest the need for future research to examine sex-specific nutritional strategies in response to HIIT.

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The effects of four weeks of creatine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness: a randomized controlled trial

Cited by 37 publications

References 56 publications

Making Decisions About Supplement Use

Making Decisions About Supplement Use

Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Exercise Performance following a Short-term Low Carbohydrate Diet

Supplements and Nutritional Interventions to Augment High-Intensity Interval Training Physiological and Performance Adaptations—A Narrative Review

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