“…By contrast, Diaper and Waelend (2000), who criticized Zhang's tasks for lacking external validity (participants searched for random strings or words amongst other random strings or words), found that unrelated graphics, whether animated or not, had little impact on participants' ability to search for an answer in a block of text. Similarly, van Schaik and Ling (2004) found that in an information retrieval task, peripheral animations did not affect performance, although they were reported to be more distracting than static graphics. Maglio and Campbell (2000) examined the extent to which scrolling displays (tickers) either distracted participants, or helped to provide them with desired information.…”