Duggan, Blackman, Martyr and van Schaik 2 AbstractThis paper reports the voices of twenty-two people with early to moderate dementia and their carers about the use of the outdoor environment. Analysis of semi-structured interviews demonstrates that people with early dementia value the outdoor environment for reasons such as exercise, fresh air, emotional well-being, the opportunity for informal encounters with neighbours and friends and the appreciation of the countryside. Conversely, not being able to go out was associated with depressive feelings. Carers reported that the impact of dementia was to decrease the frequency of outdoor activity and to limit the areas visited to those that were the most familiar. Maintaining outdoor activity is likely to be an effective preventative measure in extending the period of good quality living and might decrease the period when intensive services are required. It should therefore be considered in planning for both residential care and community living in the future.

User Experience (UX), as a recently established research area, is still haunted by the challenges of defining the scope of UX in general and operationalising experiential qualities in particular. To explore the basic question whether UX constructs are measurable, we conducted semi-structured interviews with ten UX researchers from academia and one UX practitioner from industry where a set of questions in relation to UX measurement were explored (Study 1). The interviewees expressed scepticism as well as ambivalence towards UX measures and shared anecdotes related to such measures in different contexts. Interestingly, the results suggested that design-oriented UX professionals tended to be sceptical about UX measurement.To examine whether such an attitude prevailed in the HCI community, we conducted a survey -UX Measurement Attitudes Survey (UXMAS) -with essentially the same set of 13 questions used in the interviews (Study 2). Specifically, participants were asked to rate a set of five statements to assess their attitude towards UX measurement, to identify (non)measurable experiential qualities with justifications, and to discuss the topic from the theoretical, methodological and practical perspective. The survey was implemented in a paper-based and an online format. Altogether, 367 responses were received; 170 of them were valid and analysed. The survey provided empirical evidence on this issue as a baseline for progress in UX measurement. Overall, the survey results indicated that the attitude towards UX measurement was more positive than that identified in the interviews, and there were nuanced views on details of UX measurement. Implications for enhancing the acceptance of UX measures and the interplay between UX evaluation and system development are drawn: UX modelling grounded in theories to link experiential qualities with outcomes; the development of UX measurement tools with good measurement properties, and education within the HCI community to disseminate validated models, and measurement tools as well as their successful applications. Mutual recognition of the value of objective measures and subjective accounts of user experience can enhance the maturity of this area.

This is the unspecified version of the paper.This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Abdellaoui, 2000;Gonzalez & Wu, 1999;Prelec, 1998;Tversky & Wakker, 1995;Wakker, 2003). Permanent repository linkThe nonlinear impact of probability on decisions is exemplified by the fourfold pattern of risk preferences predicted by Cumulative prospect theory (Tversky & Kahneman, 1992). Thus, because people overweight small probabilities, both low probability gains and low probability losses loom large relative to certain payoffs with the same expected value. This results in risk seeking for gains and risk aversion for losses at low probability -for example, people are tempted to buy lottery tickets (seeking unlikely gains) and insurance (attempting to avoid unlikely losses). Also, as people underweight moderate and large probabilities, they show a contrasting risk aversion for high probability gains and risk seeking for high probability losses compared to certain payoffs with the same expected value. Risky Decision-Making and PrecautionsTversky & Kahneman's (1992) studies reporting under-and over-weighting of probability measured respondents' binary choices between monetary gambles.However, there is some reason to believe that people's choices about monetary gambles may not correspond with their preponderance for risk in situations where they need to consider decisions regarding other kinds of risks. Several studies have reported increased attractiveness of decision prospects when framed as insurance decisions; specifically, there is evidence for a context effect in which prospects presented in an insurance context are judged with greater risk aversion than mathematically identical choices presented as standard gambles (Connor, 1996; EXAGGERATED RISK 5 Hershey & Schoemaker, 1980;Schoemaker & Kunreuther, 1979;Slovic, Fischhoff, Lichtenstein, Corrigan & Combs, 1977). This finding has prompted the suggestion that people have a relatively favorable attitude towards insurance because, unlike gambling, insurance is viewed as an investment as well as a means of risk reduction (Slovic, Fischhoff & Lichtenstein, 1987).Given the suggestion that there may be differences in people's decision behavior as a function of the type of risks they may be contemplating, we propose that there is a need to be sensitive to possibly different psychological types of risky decision.Accordingly, we identify and define precautionary decisions and behavior as those occasions where people aim to minimize or avoid risks by taking protective actions and where the benefits of taking precautions exemplify risk-averse behavior (Baron et al., 2000;Hershey & Schoemaker, 1980). Protective behavior and decisions in the face of risk have been the subject of a number of studies (e.g., Baron, Hershey & Kunreuther, 2000;Huber & Huber, 2008;Johnson, Hershey, Meszaros & Kunreuther, 1993;Kunreuther, 2001;Slovic et al., 1987;Wakker, Thaler & Tversky, 1997) and yet, to our knowledge, no study has attempted to asses the probability-...

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Introduction: Caring for a person with Parkinson's disease (PwP) can have a variety