The effects of large igneous provinces on the global carbon and sulphur cycles

Jones, Morgan T.; Jerram, Dougal A.; Svensen, Henrik; Grove, Clayton

doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.042

Cited by 109 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 214 publications

(210 reference statements)

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“…The eruption of the CAMP basalts in the humid zone correlates well with the initiation of a CO 2 decrease at the Triassic‐Jurassic boundary (201 Ma). This result is consistent with studies by Schaller et al (, ) and Jones et al (), who also found a sharp decrease in atmospheric CO 2 after the emplacement of the CAMP basalts. Our results demonstrate that the residence of the CAMP basalts within the equatorial humid zone is well correlated with the onset of decreasing atmospheric CO 2 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The initial eruption leads to the release of large volumes of CO 2 , with estimates of approximately 8,200 Gt of gaseous CO 2 during the Siberian Traps eruption at~251 Ma (Courtillot & Renne, 2003). The CO 2 degassed from LIPs comes primarily from magmatic degassing from extrusive lavas, eruptions, and shallow intrusions, and from secondary degassing resulting from the contact metamorphism of the host rock, with a strong dependence on host rock type (Jones et al, 2016). Rapid injections of such large volumes of CO 2 can cause significant global perturbations in atmospheric greenhouse gas levels, and such eruptions have been linked to major global climatic changes and extinction events (Beerling & Berner, 2002;Bond & Wignall, 2014;Bryan & Ferrari, 2013;Petersen et al, 2016;Schoene et al, 2014).…”

Section: Lip Eruptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Interplay Between the Eruption and Weathering of Large Igneous Provinces and the Deep‐Time Carbon Cycle

Johansson

Zahirovic

Müller

2018

Geophysical Research Letters

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Although many sources of atmospheric CO2 have been estimated, the major sinks are poorly understood in a deep‐time context. Here we combine plate reconstructions, the eruption ages and outlines of Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs), and the atmospheric CO2 proxy record to investigate how their eruptions and weathering within the equatorial humid zone impacted global atmospheric CO2 since 400 Ma. Wavelet analysis reveals significant correlations between the eruption of the Emeishan LIP (259 Ma), the Siberian Traps (251 Ma), the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (201 Ma), the second pulse of the North Atlantic Igneous Province (55 Ma), the High Arctic LIP (130 Ma), and the Deccan Traps (65 Ma) and perturbations in atmospheric CO2. Our analysis also reveals a clear relationship between the weathering of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (~200–100 Ma), the Deccan Traps (50–35 Ma), and the Afar Arabian LIP (30–0 Ma) and a significant atmospheric CO2 drawdown. Our results illustrate the significant role of subaerial LIP emplacement and weathering in modulating atmospheric CO2 and Earth's surface environments.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Lip Eruptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Interplay Between the Eruption and Weathering of Large Igneous Provinces and the Deep‐Time Carbon Cycle

Johansson

Zahirovic

Müller

2018

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…13). The nature of volcanic degassing is dependent on the volcanic process responsible for the release of light carbon as discussed by Jones et al (2016). If degassing from contact aureoles is involved, the released carbon can have an isotopic signature that is substantially lower than juvenile CO 2 from volcanic emissions (see e.g.…”

Section: Implications For the End-triassic Eventmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new correlation of Triassic–Jurassic boundary successions in NW Europe, Nevada and Peru, and the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province: A time-line for the end-Triassic mass extinction

Lindström

Schootbrugge

Hansen

et al. 2017

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

112

107

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Understanding the end-Triassic mass extinction event (201.36 Ma) requires a clear insight into the stratigraphy of boundary sections, which allows for long-distance correlations and correct distinction of the sequence of events. However, even after the ratification of a Global Stratotype Section and Point, global correlations of TJB successions are hampered by the fact that many of the traditionally used fossil groups were severely affected by the crisis. Here, a new correlation of key TJB successions in Europe, U.S.A. and Peru, based on a combination of biotic (palynology and ammonites), geochemical (δ 13 C org ) and radiometric (U/Pb ages) constraints, is presented. This new correlation has an impact on the causality and temporal development during the end-Triassic event. It challenges the hitherto used standard correlation, which has formed the basis for a hypothesis that the extinction was caused by more or less instantaneous release of large quantities of light carbon (methane) to the atmosphere, with catastrophic global warming as a consequence. The new correlation instead advocates a more prolonged scenario with a series of feedback mechanisms, as it indicates that the bulk of the hitherto dated, high-titanium, quartz normalized volcanism of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) preceded or was contemporaneous to the onset of the mass extinction. In addition, the maximum phase of the mass extinction, which affected both the terrestrial and marine ecosystems, was associated with a major regression and repeated, enhanced earthquake activity in Europe. A subsequent transgression resulted in the formation of hiati or condensed successions in many areas in Europe. Later phases of volcanic activity of the CAMP, producing low titanium, quartz normalized and high-iron, quartz normalized basaltic rocks, continued close to the first occurrence of Jurassic ammonites and the defined TJB. During this time the terrestrial ecosystem had begun to recover, but the marine ecosystem remained disturbed.

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“…Jones et al (2016) estimate a release of up to 70 Mt carbon (C) per cubic kilometer of magma emplaced based on various studies of the Karoo LIP (Aarnes et al, , 2011Svensen et al, 2007). Jones et al (2016) estimate a release of up to 70 Mt carbon (C) per cubic kilometer of magma emplaced based on various studies of the Karoo LIP (Aarnes et al, , 2011Svensen et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct Degassing Pulses During Magma Invasion in the Stratified Karoo Basin—New Insights From Hydrothermal Fluid Flow Modeling

Galerne

Hasenclever

2019

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Magma emplacement in organic‐rich sedimentary basins is a main driver of past environmental crises. Using a 2‐D numerical model, we investigate the process of thermal cracking in contact aureoles of cooling sills and subsequent transport and emission of thermogenic methane by hydrothermal fluids. Our model includes a Mohr‐Coulomb failure criterion to initiate hydrofracturing and a dynamic porosity/permeability. We investigate the Karoo Basin, taking into account host‐rock material properties from borehole data, realistic total organic carbon content, and different sill geometries. Consistent with geological observations, we find that thermal plumes quickly rise at the edges of saucer‐shaped sills, guided along vertically fractured high‐permeability pathways. Contrastingly, less focused and slower plumes rise from the edges and the central part of flat‐lying sills. Using a novel upscaling method based on sill‐to‐sediment ratio, we find that degassing of the Karoo Basin occurred in two distinct phases during magma invasion. Rapid degassing triggered by sills emplaced within the top 1.5 km emitted ~1.6·103 Gt of thermogenic methane, while thermal plumes originating from deeper sills, carrying a 13‐times‐greater mass of methane, may not reach the surface. We suggest that these large quantities of methane could be remobilized by the heat provided by neighboring sills. We conclude that the Karoo large igneous province may have emitted as much as ~22.3·103 Gt of thermogenic methane in the half million years of magmatic activity, with emissions up to 3 Gt/year. This quantity of methane and the emission rates can explain the negative δ13C excursion of the Toarcian environmental crisis.

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The effects of large igneous provinces on the global carbon and sulphur cycles

Cited by 109 publications

References 214 publications

The Interplay Between the Eruption and Weathering of Large Igneous Provinces and the Deep‐Time Carbon Cycle

The Interplay Between the Eruption and Weathering of Large Igneous Provinces and the Deep‐Time Carbon Cycle

A new correlation of Triassic–Jurassic boundary successions in NW Europe, Nevada and Peru, and the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province: A time-line for the end-Triassic mass extinction

Distinct Degassing Pulses During Magma Invasion in the Stratified Karoo Basin—New Insights From Hydrothermal Fluid Flow Modeling

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