The Effects of Season-Long Vitamin D Supplementation on Collegiate Swimmers and Divers

Lewis, Regina; Redzic, Maja; Thomas, D. Travis

doi:10.1123/ijsnem.23.5.431

Cited by 70 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…For example, 400% more vitamin D and its photoproducts were synthesized in vacuoles containing 7-dehydrocholesterol (in ethanol) placed in noon sunlight at the base camp of Everest (5350 m, 28 °N) than in vacuoles pleased near sea-level (169 m, 27.2 °N)) (Holick et al, 2007). Another possibility is that college-age athletes tend to have better overall status (Lewis, Redzic, & Thomas, 2013;Storlie et al, 2011) than other athletic populations because they spend more time outdoors wearing less clothing. In the current study, better status was most likely due to sun exposure during leisure-time as NCAA-regulated training occurred either late afternoon (after 3 p.m.) or indoors, and was also not due to vitamin D supplementation or tanning bed use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Many factors impact an athlete's ability to maintain vitamin D status (Larson-Meyer & Willis, 2010) including training latitude, time spent training at close to solar noon, tanning bed use (Halliday et al, 2011;Lewis et al, 2013), skin pigmentation (Pollock, Dijkstra, Chakraverty, & Hamilton, 2012), sunscreen/sunblock use (Matsuoka, Ide, Wortsman, MacLaughlin, & Holick, 1987) and genetics (Fu et al, 2009). The current study also sought to determine whether body size and/or adiposity are also predictors of vitamin D status in athletes as it is in the general population (Arunabh et al, 2003;Drincic et al, 2012;Looker, 2005;Wortsman et al, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relation Between Vitamin D Status and Body Composition in Collegiate Athletes

Heller¹,

Thomas²,

Hollis³

et al. 2015

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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Excess body fat or obesity is known to increase risk of poor vitamin D status in nonathletes but it is not known if this is the case in athletes. Furthermore, the reason for this association is not understood, but is thought to be due to either sequestration of the fat-soluble vitamin within adipose tissue or the effect of volume dilution related to obese individuals' larger body size. Forty two US college athletes (24 men 18 women, 20.7 ± 1.6 years, 85.0 ± 28.7 kg, BMI = 25.7 ± 6.1 kg/m2) provided blood samples during the fall and underwent measurement of body composition via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum samples were evaluated for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration to assess vitamin D status using Diasorin 25(OH)D radioiodine assay. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was negatively associated with height (r = -0.45), total body mass (r = -0.57), BMI (r = -0.57), body fat percentage (r = -0.45), fat mass (r = -0.60) and fat-free mass (r = -0.51) (p < .05). These associations did not change after controlling for sex. In a linear regression mixed model, fat mass (coefficient -0.47, p = .01), but not fat-free mass (coefficient -0.18, p = .32) significantly predicted vitamin D status and explained approximately 36% of the variation in serum 25(OH)D concentration. These results suggest that athletes with a large body size and/or excess adiposity may be at higher risk for vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency. In addition, the significant association between serum 25(OH)D concentration and fat mass in the mixed model, which remained after controlling for sex, is in support of vitamin D sequestration rather than volume dilution as an explanation for such association.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relation Between Vitamin D Status and Body Composition in Collegiate Athletes

Heller¹,

Thomas²,

Hollis³

et al. 2015

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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show abstract

“…Other studies have highlighted the causal link between low bone mineral density and the risk of stress fractures in athletes (Myburgh et al, 1990). Given these risks, adequate vitamin D levels are recommended to prevent injury in aquatic sports (Lewis et al, 2013). Care should be taken especially during fall and winter.…”

Section: Injury Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition, Illness, and Injury in Aquatic Sports

Pyne¹,

Verhagen²,

Mountjoy³

2014

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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In this review, we outline key principles for prevention of injury and illness in aquatic sports, detail the epidemiology of injury and illness in aquatic athletes at major international competitions and in training, and examine the relevant scientific evidence on nutrients for reducing the risk of illness and injury. Aquatic athletes are encouraged to consume a well-planned diet with sufficient calories, macronutrients (particularly carbohydrate and protein), and micronutrients (particularly iron, zinc, and vitamins A, D, E, B6, and B12) to maintain health and performance. Ingesting carbohydrate via sports drinks, gels, or sports foods during prolonged training sessions is beneficial in maintaining energy availability. Studies of foods or supplements containing plant polyphenols and selected strains of probiotic species are promising, but further research is required. In terms of injury, intake of vitamin D, protein, and total caloric intake, in combination with treatment and resistance training, promotes recovery back to full health and training. Keywords: epidemiology, nutrition, swimming, infection, supplements, ergogenic aidsAquatic coaches are obliged to use physically challenging training programs to prepare their athletes for high-level competitions. However, a high level of exposure to training (and competition) can increase the risk of illness or injury, limiting improvements in performance. Sports science and sports medicine practitioners who work with swimmers (and swimming coaches) are seeking effective evidence-based interventions and strategies to reduce the risk of injury and illness compromising training and competitive performance. Although the importance of illness and injuries and their impact on performance is better understood nowadays by both researchers and practitioners, there remains a lack of quality information, particularly related to the importance of nutrition and dietary practices.Nutrient intake during everyday eating and around swimming training and competition is a key factor influencing immune function and risk of injury. Other factors related to illness include the volume, intensity, and load of exercise training; degree of exposure to pathogens; underlying health and medical status of individual athletes; lifestyle behaviors, including sleep and recovery; and psychosocial issues related to training and competition. Given the lack of specific research studies on highly trained swimmers, it is necessary to look more broadly at general nutrition, sports nutrition, and studies of athletes in other sports. A Medline search (November 2013) using nutrition as a search term yielded 325 hits for swimming, but only seven for water polo, six for long-distance swimming, five for diving, and two for synchronized swimming.Although the benefits of avoiding illness and injury appear obvious, only one study has directly quantified the effect of illness on international swimming performance. A study of performances of Australian swimmers showed that mild illness had only a trivial mean effect...

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“…In this study, vitamin D status was found to be below optimal values in a significant proportion of these athletes (Lovell, 2008). However, in a study investigating vitamin D status and supplementation in collegiate swimmers and divers training indoors, researchers observed a low prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (25-hydroxy vitamin D < 32 ng/ml), and an absence of vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxy vitamin D < 20 ng/ml; Lewis et al, 2013). There is a history of ultraviolet light therapy to ensure adequate vitamin D status for athletes.…”

Section: Vitamin Dmentioning

confidence: 97%

Nutritional Recommendations for Synchronized Swimming

Robertson¹,

Benardot²,

Mountjoy³

2014

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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The sport of synchronized swimming is unique, because it combines speed, power, and endurance with precise synchronized movements and high-risk acrobatic maneuvers. Athletes must train and compete while spending a great amount of time underwater, upside down, and without the luxury of easily available oxygen. This review assesses the scientific evidence with respect to the physiological demands, energy expenditure, and body composition in these athletes. The role of appropriate energy requirements and guidelines for carbohydrate, protein, fat, and micronutrients for elite synchronized swimmers are reviewed. Because of the aesthetic nature of the sport, which prioritizes leanness, the risks of energy and macronutrient deficiencies are of significant concern. Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport and disordered eating/eating disorders are also of concern for these female athletes. An approach to the healthy management of body composition in synchronized swimming is outlined. Synchronized swimmers should be encouraged to consume a well-balanced diet with sufficient energy to meet demands and to time the intake of carbohydrate, protein, and fat to optimize performance and body composition. Micronutrients of concern for this female athlete population include iron, calcium, and vitamin D. This article reviews the physiological demands of synchronized swimming and makes nutritional recommendations for recovery, training, and competition to help optimize athletic performance and to reduce risks for weight-related medical issues that are of particular concern for elite synchronized swimmers.

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The Effects of Season-Long Vitamin D Supplementation on Collegiate Swimmers and Divers

Cited by 70 publications

References 31 publications

Relation Between Vitamin D Status and Body Composition in Collegiate Athletes

Relation Between Vitamin D Status and Body Composition in Collegiate Athletes

Nutrition, Illness, and Injury in Aquatic Sports

Nutritional Recommendations for Synchronized Swimming

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