The effects of strain rate on the properties of the medial collateral ligament in skeletally immature and mature rabbits: A biomechanical and histological study

Woo, Savio L‐Y.; Peterson, Robert; Ohland, Karen J.; Sites, Terry J.; Danto, Michael I.

doi:10.1002/jor.1100080513

Cited by 166 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Stiffness of bone-ligament-bone specimens has been shown to increase with increased strain rates [34]. Thus, the stiffness of the hip joint capsule ligaments would be expected to increase at high physiologic strain rates, such as those associated with motor vehicle trauma or sports injuries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional material properties of the human hip joint capsule ligaments

Hewitt

Guilak

Glisson

et al. 2001

Journal Orthopaedic Research

168

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The hip joint capsule functions to constrain translation between the femur and acetabulum while allowing rotational and planar movements. Despite the crucial role it plays in the pathogenesis of hip instability, little is known about its biomechanical properties. The goal of this study was to determine the regional material properties of the iliofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments of the capsule.Ten human cadaveric specimens of each ligament were tested to failure in tension. The stress at failure, strain at failure, strain energy density at failure, toe-and linear-region elastic moduli, and the Poisson's ratio were measured for each ligament.The strain to failure was greatest in the ischiofemoral ligament, while no significant difference was noted in failure stress by region or ligament. The Young's moduli of elasticity ranged from 76.1 to 285.8 MPa among the different ligaments, and were generally consistent with properties previously reported for the shoulder capsule. The elastic moduli and strain energy density at failure differed by region. No significant differences in Poisson's ratio were found by region or ligament. The average Poisson's ratio was approximately 1.4, consistent with anisotropic behavior of ligamentous tissues.Understanding the material properties of the hip capsule may help the orthopaedic surgeon better understand normal ligament function, and thereby choose a surgical approach or strategy of repair. Furthermore, knowledge of the normal mechanical function of the hip capsule ligaments could assist in the evaluation of the success of a repair.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional material properties of the human hip joint capsule ligaments

Hewitt

Guilak

Glisson

et al. 2001

Journal Orthopaedic Research

168

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“…For each FMTC, the greatest slope in the linear region of the load-elongation curve over a 0.5 mm elongation interval was used to calculate stiffness [13,28,33].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of porcine small intestinal submucosa to enhance the healing of the medial collateral ligament—a functional tissue engineering study in rabbits

Musahl

Abramowitch

Gilbert

et al. 2004

Journal Orthopaedic Research

Self Cite

119

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Introducrion; Small intestinal submucosa (SIS) from porcine has been successfully used as a collagen scaffold for the repair of various tissues, including those of the human vascular, urogenital, and musculoskeletal systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether SIS can be used to enhance the healing process of a medial collateral ligament (MCL) with a gap injury in a rabbit model.Methods; A 6 mm wide gap was surgically created in the right MCL of 20 skeletally mature, female New Zealand White rabbits. In 10 rabbits, a strip of SIS was sutured onto the two ends of the MCL, while for the other 10 animals their injured MCL remained untreated and served as a non-treated group. The left MCL of all animals was exposed and undermined serving as the shamoperated side. At 12 weeks post-healing, eight hind limbs from each group were used for mechanical testing. The cross-sectional areas (CSA) of the MCLs were measured. The femur-MCL-tibia complex (FMTC) was tensile tested to failure. The load-elongation curves representing the structural properties of the FMTC and the stress-strain curves representing the mechanical properties of the healing MCL were obtained. The remaining two animals from each group were prepared for histological evaluation. Rrsults;The CSA between the SIS-treated and non-treated groups were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Both treatment groups appeared to increase by nearly 40% compared to the sham-operated side, although statistical significance was not found for the non-treated group ( p > 0.05). The stiffness of the FMTC from the SIS-treated group was 56% higher than the non-treated group (45.7 t 13.3 N/mm vs. 29.2 t 9.2 Nlmm, respectively, p < 0.05) and the ultimate load also nearly doubled (1 17.434.5 N vs. 66.4 f 31.4 N, respectively, p < 0.05). These values were lower compared to the sham-operated side (89.7 f 15.3 N/mm and 332.0 2 50.8 N, respectively). The tangent modulus of the healing MCL (279.7 t 132.1 MPa vs. 149.0 rf: 76.5 MPa, respectively) and stress at failure (15.7 f 4.1 MPa vs. 10.2 f 3.9 MPa, respectively) both increased by more than 50% with SIS treatment (p < 0.05). Yet, each remained lower compared to the sham-operated side (936.3 t 283.6 MPa and 75.6 f 14.2 MPa, respectively). Blinded histological comparisons between the SIS-treated MCL and the non-treated control demonstrated qualitatively that the SIS treated group had increased cellularity, greater collagen density, and improved collagen fiber alignment.Conc/usion: Healing of a gap MCL injury was significantly enhanced with SIS. The improved mechanical properties and histological appearance of the MCL suggest that SIS treatment improves the quality of tissue and renders the possibility for future studies investigating functional tissue engineering of healing ligaments.

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“…Because all of these tissues are viscoelastic, material and ultimate failure properties depend upon testing conditions. Previous work demonstrated that bone is a more strain rate-dependent material [Wright and Hayes, 1976] than either ligament or tendon [Noyes et al, 1974;Herrick et al, 1978;Woo et al, 1990]. Such time-dependent mechanical phenomena have been embodied into the quasi-linear viscoelastic theory developed by Fung [1981].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Muscle Contraction on the Load-Strain Properties of Frog Aponeurosis and Tendon

Lieber¹,

Leonard

Brown-Maupin

2000

Cells Tissues Organs

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The mechanical properties of the frog semitendinosus (ST) tendon and aponeurosis were measured during passive tensile loading to a force equal to ST maximum tetanic tension and during active isometric muscle contraction. During active contraction, both the tendon and aponeurosis regions initially strained at rates exceeding 400%/s while near the end of the muscle contraction, strain rates were nearly zero. At this point, the strain in the tendon region was equal to that observed during slow passive loading to the same tension level. However, for the aponeurosis, even near the zero strain rate, strain at the end of the active contraction was significantly below that observed during slow passive loading (p < 0.001). Specifically, when aponeurosis strain rate was almost zero, aponeurosis strain was 13.8 ± 3% (means ± SEM, n = 10), which was significantly below that measured during passive loading (23.7 ± 5%) suggesting that active contraction actually altered aponeurosis material properties. These data demonstrate that, while the tendon and aponeurosis regions have different passive biomechanical properties and both demonstrate viscosity typical of other connective tissues, the aponeurosis region of the frog ST actually changed its intrinsic properties during muscle contraction. Thus, extrapolation of biomechanical data obtained at nonphysiological strain rates or under conditions where the muscle-tendon junction has been interrupted should be made with caution.

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The effects of strain rate on the properties of the medial collateral ligament in skeletally immature and mature rabbits: A biomechanical and histological study

Cited by 166 publications

References 15 publications

Regional material properties of the human hip joint capsule ligaments

Regional material properties of the human hip joint capsule ligaments

The use of porcine small intestinal submucosa to enhance the healing of the medial collateral ligament—a functional tissue engineering study in rabbits

Effects of Muscle Contraction on the Load-Strain Properties of Frog Aponeurosis and Tendon

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