The effects of stress on periodontal treatment: a longitudinal investigation using clinical and biological markers

Abstract

Patients under psychosocial stress had a poorer outcome following NPT. The assessment of psychosocial stress may be valuable in the holistic management of periodontal disease.

Is Psychological Stress a Possible Risk Factor for Periodontal Disease? A Systematic Review

“…All of the studies used exclusion criteria and achieved restriction. Nine studies performed stratification of the study sample as follows: Refulio et al [28] (gender and smoking habits); Bakri et al [4] and Forte et al [32](stress exposure); three studies [33,39,41] (age and race; Spalj et al [35] (age and stress exposure); Ishisaka et al [36] (smoking habits and race); and Ng et al [37] (geographic location, high and low emotional copers). Five studies performed matching between the study groups as follows: Mousavijazi et al [38] and Bakri et al [4] matched for gender and smoking habits; Lopez et al [39] matched for age, smoking habits and initial disease extent; Chiou et al [33] performed matching for marital status and smoking habits; and Ishisaka et al [36] matched for oral hygiene and preventive measures.…”

“…Graetz et al, [42] in a 24-month prospective clinical trial, recorded the data on annual PPD and complete X-ray documentation at the baseline, at the end of the active periodontal treatment and at the last documented visit of the supportive periodontal therapy. Bakri et al, [4] recorded the clinical parameters at the baseline and 6 months after non-surgical periodontal treatment. Only 6 studies reported intraand/or inter-examiner calibration.…”

“…Two of the studies were conducted only with women [16,34], and two studies did not mention the gender distribution [29,31]. In most of the studies [4,17,[28][29][30]37,38,[40][41][42], the participants were patients at a university periodontal clinic or private dental practice. Five studies [31,33,35,36,41] were epidemiological surveys involving the residents in a particular area or a randomly selected general population.…”

“…Twelve studies were cross-sectional [16,17,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37], three were casecontrol [38][39][40] studies, one was a cohort study [41] and two were prospective clinical trial [4,42] studies, comprising 5051 individuals. Two of the studies were conducted only with women [16,34], and two studies did not mention the gender distribution [29,31].…”

“…Systemic diseases and conditions such as diabetes mellitus, aging, tobacco use, have been identified as important risk factors for periodontitis [2,3]. Psychosocial stress is thought to play an important role in the etiology and progression of periodontal diseases, and the outcome of treatment [4,5]. The relationship between periodontitis and several dimensions of psychosocial distress such as stress, depression, anxiety, life events and poor coping reactions has attracted considerable attention from several groups of researchers during the last three decades [6][7][8][9].…”