“…Urbanization started to increase after 1970 (Yaakob et al, 2010) exactly after the implementation of National Energy Policy (NEP). In the 1990s, this trend continued, and now it is more rapid due to the extensive rural migration, high intensity of industrial development (Shahbaz et al, 2016), and diversification of economic activities (Aziz et al, 2012). As a result, many cities, especially in the west peninsular of Malaysia, have been developed such as Kuala Lumpur, Penang, Johore Bahru, Shah Alam, Kuching, Kota Kinabalu, and Ipoh (Bekhet & Othman, 2016;Shahbaz et al, 2016;Shahbaz et al, 2015;Yaakob et al, 2010).…”