The efficacy of four common anthelmintic drugs and traditional Chinese medicinal plant extracts to control Dactylogyrus vastator (Monogenea)

Avermectins, praziquantel and levamisole have in vitro efficacy against Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae (Neoechinorhynchidae) in Colossoma macropomum: A Serrasalmidae from the Amazon

“…Reimschuessel et al () also reported that there was a tardy response after in vitro exposure of Acolpenteron ureteroecetes Fischthal & Allison, 1940 to emamectin benzoate and ivermectin. However, Zhang et al () reported an immediate change in the movement of Dactylogyrus vastator Nybelin, 1924 after exposure to praziquantel. Praziquantel has a mechanism of action based on depolarization of the tegument of helminth parasites, thus leading to entry of calcium into the cells, hence causing immobilization, spasmodic contractions and paralysis (Hardy‐Smith et al, ; Sitja‐Bobadilla, Felipe, & Alvarez‐Pellitero, ; Thomas & Timson, ; Williams, Ernst, Chambers, & Whittington, ).…”

Effects of a nanoemulsion with Copaifera officinalis oleoresin against monogenean parasites of Colossoma macropomum: A Neotropical Serrasalmidae

“…Although aquaculture is an activity of great importance in Brazil, this industry has been affected by economic losses caused by monogeneans in fish farming (Tavares- Dias & Martins, 2017). As the main products used for treatment and control of these parasites are chemotherapeutic substances that are highly toxic to fish (Boijink et al, 2015;Soares et al, 2016), there is a need for less toxic and novel bioactive compounds (Hashimoto et al, 2016;Soares et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2014). Phytotherapy is an alternative treatment that has shown promising antiparasitic effects against monogeneans of fish (Costa et al, 2017;Hashimoto et al, 2016;Soares et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2014), as well as the use of nanoemulsions containing essential oils .…”

“…Parasites were considered to be dead if they detached from the tissue or, while still attached, had totally lost their mobility (Soares et al, 2016). Following this, the efficacy of each treatment was calculated using formula described by Zhang et al (2014): AE = [BÀT] 9 100%/B, where AE is nanoemulsion efficacy, B is the mean number of surviving monogeneans in the control group and T is the mean number of surviving monogeneans in the treatment group. The monogeneans were collected, fixed in formalin (5%) during 2 hr and prepared to analyse the internal morphology using Hoyer medium to study of the sclerotized structures.…”

“…The main substances that have been used for treatment and parasite control, even they have not been satisfactorily effective, are chemical products that are highly toxic to fish, humans and environment (Hashimoto et al, 2016;Soares et al, 2016). Thus, phytotherapeutic agents with bioactive properties, and their derivatives, have been assayed in vitro and in vivo, with the aim of finding better strategies for fish ectoparasites control in farmed fish (Boijink, Miranda, Chagas, Dairiki, & Inoue, 2015;Costa et al, 2017;Pandey, 2014;Soares et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2014). Phytotherapeutic agents have shown high in vitro efficacy against monogeneans of tambaqui (Boijink et al, 2015;Soares et al, 2016).…”

Nanoemulsion from essential oil of Pterodon emarginatus (Fabaceae) shows in vitro efficacy against monogeneans of Colossoma macropomum (Pisces: Serrasalmidae)

“…Essential oils are secondary metabolites produced by medicinal plants that can be extracted from a variety of plant sources. They are used for many purposes in the pharmaceutical and food industries (Anwer, Jamil, Ibnouf, & Shakeel, 2014), and for controlling and treating ectoparasites of fish (Zhang et al, 2014;Hashimoto et al, 2016;Soares et al, 2016;Valladão et al, 2016;Soares et al, 2017;Costa et al, 2017). Thus, use of medicinal plants has been increasing within aquaculture worldwide, given that these plants are easy to cultivate, have biodegradable action, do not give rise to accumulations in animal tissue and present low toxicity (Coimbra, Soares, Garrido, Sousa, & Ribeiro, 2006).…”