The electrochemical performance of fluorinated ketjenblack as a cathode for lithium/fluorinated carbon batteries

Abstract

Fluorinated kejtenblack as the cathode of Li/CFx batteries exhibits excellent energy density and power density with high rate capability.

Conductive Carbon-Wrapped Fluorinated Hard Carbon Composite as High-Performance Cathode for Primary Lithium Batteries

“…The state of chemical bonds on the sample surface was further analyzed by the XPS technique. Table S1 lists the peak position and assignments of chemical bonds in the XPS spectrum [8,[40][41][42]. From the XPS survey spectrum (Figure 3a-c), it could be seen that the three samples were mainly composed of C and F elements.…”

Fluorinated saccharide-derived hard carbon as a cathode material of lithium primary batteries: effect of the polymerization degree of the starting saccharide

“…3,38 With an increase in the fluorination temperature, the content of semi-ionic C–F bonds in FHCs decreases gradually, leading to a corresponding decrease in conductivity and an increase in ohmic polarization, which results in a decrease in the discharge voltage of the Li/CF x battery. 18,39…”

“…The absorption peaks near 1320 cm −1 and 660 cm −1 , corresponding to the -CF 2 and -CF 3 groups, respectively, display an increase in intensity with the rise in uorination temperature. 18 There is also a dispersive absorption peak at 1030 cm −1 wave number, indicative of the semi-ionic C-F bond, and when the uorination temperature is too high, this peak disappears. 33,34 Moreover, the C-F bond of FHC-3 appears earlier and has stronger strength, indicating that HC-3 is easier to be uorinated.…”

“…3,38 With an increase in the uorination temperature, the content of semi-ionic C-F bonds in FHCs decreases gradually, leading to a corresponding decrease in conductivity and an increase in ohmic polarization, which results in a decrease in the discharge voltage of the Li/CF x battery. 18,39 In fact, the "semi-ionic" bonding is resulted from the incomplete uorination of the carbon layer, which should be expressed as "weak covalent" C-F bonding due to the hyperconjugation between the un-uorinated C]C bond and the C-F bond. [40][41][42] The interaction of uorine gas with FHCs leads to the conversion of the ether group into C-F bond through a nucleophilic substitution reaction and the per-uorination of the carbonyl group, dangling bond, and point defects to form -CF 2 and -CF 3 .…”

Ammonium Bicarbonate Template-Assisted Thick Cathode for Li-CFx Primary Batteries with Enhanced Surface Loading and Energy Density

“…At present, the energy density of commercial lithium-ion batteries is too low to meet the demands of military, aerospace, and medical applications. − The lithium primary battery, as one of the high-energy chemical primary batteries, using the lithium metal or lithium alloy as the anode and fluoride, oxide, or sulfide (CF x , MnO 2 , SO 2 , and SOCl 2 ) as the cathode, releases energy through the reaction between the active materials and the lithium ions. , Among a range of lithium primary batteries, the lithium fluorocarbon (Li-CF x ) battery possesses the highest theoretical energy density of 2180 W h/kg, which is much higher than that of lithium primary batteries. Furthermore, due to the excellent physical stability of CF x , the assembled Li-CF x batteries also have a number of advantages such as good security, voltage stability, and resistance to extreme temperatures. − …”