The electronic stethoscope

Abstract

Most heart diseases are associated with and reflected by the sounds that the heart produces. Heart auscultation, defined as listening to the heart sound, has been a very important method for the early diagnosis of cardiac dysfunction. Traditional auscultation requires substantial clinical experience and good listening skills. The emergence of the electronic stethoscope has paved the way for a new field of computer-aided auscultation. This article provides an in-depth study of (1) the electronic stethoscope technology, and (2) the methodology for diagnosis of cardiac disorders based on computer-aided auscultation. The paper is based on a comprehensive review of (1) literature articles, (2) market (state-of-the-art) products, and (3) smartphone stethoscope apps. It covers in depth every key component of the computer-aided system with electronic stethoscope, from sensor design, front-end circuitry, denoising algorithm, heart sound segmentation, to the final machine learning techniques. Our intent is to provide an informative and illustrative presentation of the electronic stethoscope, which is valuable and beneficial to academics, researchers and engineers in the technical field, as well as to medical professionals to facilitate its use clinically. The paper provides the technological and medical basis for the development and commercialization of a real-time integrated heart sound detection, acquisition and quantification system.

TrackARTI: Akut Solunum Yolu Enfeksiyonu Geçiren Çocuk Hastalar için Mobil Sağlık Takip Sistemi

“…Genellikle, bu ürünler araştırma projeleri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bunlar mobil cihazlara ek medikal aparatlar takılmasıyla, hasta verilerinin toplanması, yapısal hale getirilmesi ve yönetimini amaçlamaktadır [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27].…”

“…Böylece, iç kulak haricinde, dış kulak yüzeyinde de gözlemlenebilen, irin ve iltihabın, rengi ve yoğunluğu hakkında net görüntü almayı sağlar. Diğer bir çalışma, akıllı telefonlar için düşük maliyetli, dijital stetoskop araştırma ve geliştirme projesi olan StethoMic [17]' dir. Bu araştırma, pnömoni, astım ve diğer solunum yolu hastalıklarını doğru bir şekilde teşhis etmek maksadıyla, makine öğrenimi tekniklerini kullanır.…”

A Tensor Approach to Heart Sound Classification

“…MFCCs were developed around the characteristics of human hearing, and are typically used in speech recognition application. Both have been used in previous work, as reported in [2,3]. The following sequence summarizes the processing applied to each recording: 1.…”

“…Recent advances in machine learning and the development of small computing devices, such as smartphones, promise to soon give a more definite answer to this problem. This environment has promoted a surge of research around this topic, part of which is summarized in [2,3], and competitions such as this Challenge [3].…”

“…But with the advent of such advanced tools, medical practitioners are quickly loosing their heart auscultation training and ability [1]. The notion of an electronic stethoscope that could aid the listener or even provide a diagnosis, has eluded a practical and effective answer for decades [2]. Recent advances in machine learning and the development of small computing devices, such as smartphones, promise to soon give a more definite answer to this problem.…”