The emergence of research laboratories in the dyestuffs industry, 1870–1900

Travis, Anthony S.; Hornix, Willem J.; Bud, Robert; Homburg, Ernst

doi:10.1017/s0007087400045349

Cited by 82 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Rather, the potential uses of hydrocarbon molecules were gradually explored in a complex process of de-contextualization and re-contextualization of pharmacists' and manufacturers' knowledge and know-how about carbon materials. 18 Carbon materials bridge the gap between the phenomenal world of technological applications and the theoretical world of molecular structures and models.…”

Section: Carbon As Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The multiple signatures of carbon

Loeve¹,

Vincent²

2017

Research Objects in Their Technological Setting

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Car bon is the fourth most abundant element by mass in the universe after hydrogen, helium and oxygen. The chemistry of carbon is both ancient and ubiquitous, with applications ranging from fine jewellery to heating, textiles, pharmaceuticals, energy and electronics. How can we present this familiar stuff, which has played a central role in the history of chemistry, as an exemplar technoscientific object? Wouldn't it be more adequately described as a typical scientific object? To be sure, carbon is an object of 'pure research'. It emerged in the nineteenthcentury as a chemical substance, as an abstract albeit material substrate underlying a range of simple and compound bodies. However, this ontological perspective shows only one face of carbon. While scientific research was focused on what is conserved through change, the researchers' attention shifted to what might be changed: Carbon came back as a menagerie of allotropes-fullerenes, nanotubes, graphene and many more-which populate the 'nanoworld', making it a rich source of technological possibilities. The ontological status of carbon in a scientific perspective answers the question 'what is it?' while in a technoscientific approach, the question answered is rather 'what might be performed with it?' or, more precisely, 'what might it afford?' We could thus portray carbon as a Janus and contrast its scientific and technoscientific identities. 2 However, this contrast provides a far too purified image of carbon. Carbon has assumed so many guises over the course of the centuries that it almost seems to play various personae moving with a momentum of their own, inspiring new adventures while exhibiting surprising physical and chemical properties. Diamond, charcoal, graphite, carbon compounds, mephitic air and CO 2 are among the characters that have played-and continue to play-significant roles in science and mythology, in industry and economy alike. Carbon is too ubiquitous, too polymorphic and too important in our 1 Preprint (2014), reworked by the authors.

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Section: Carbon As Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The multiple signatures of carbon

Loeve¹,

Vincent²

2017

Research Objects in Their Technological Setting

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“…A striking and historic confluence of multiple scientific advances made the development of the compound microscope possible. Those advances included the discoveries of tissue clearing, hardening and embedding to allow nearly transparent sections to be cut using microtomes (Hill, 1770; reviewed by Bracegirdle, 1987), the invention of the microtome for slicing tissue thin enough to distinguish individual cells in tissue sections (Bracegirdle 1987; Davis 1979), the production of glass of sufficient uniformity to produce lenses with cellular (sub-micron) resolution (reviewed by Vogel 2012), development of the mathematics of optics (Abbe, 1873, 1881, 1883), and advances in dye chemistry leading to differential stains for cellular components (Beer 1959; Travis et al 1992). Combined with a flourishing academic scientific environment at major universities, including the first medical schools based on science, these advances helped to create a market for microscope manufacture that could finance further improvements.…”

Section: Lessons From Light Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-Organism Cellular Pathology

Cheng

Katz

Xin

et al. 2016

Advances in Genetics

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Phenotype is defined as the state of an organism resulting from interactions between genes, environment, disease, molecular mechanisms, and chance. The purpose of the emerging field of phenomics is to systematically determine and measure phenotypes across biology for the sake of understanding. Phenotypes can affect more than one cell type and life stage, so ideal phenotyping would include the state of every cell type within the context of both tissue architecture and the whole organism at each life stage. In medicine, high-resolution anatomic assessment of phenotype is obtained from histology. Histology's interpretative power, codified by Virchow as cellular pathology, is derived from its ability to discern diagnostic and characteristic cellular changes in diseased tissues. Cellular pathology is observed in every major human disease and relies on the ability of histology to detect cellular change in any cell type due to unbiased pan-cellular staining, even in optically opaque tissues. Our laboratory has shown that histology is far more sensitive than stereomicroscopy for detecting phenotypes in zebrafish mutants. Those studies have also shown that more complete sampling, greater consistency in sample orientation, and the inclusion of phenotypes extending over longer length scales would provide greater coverage of common phenotypes. We are developing technical approaches to achieve an ideal detection of cellular pathology using an improved form of X-ray microtomography that retains the strengths and addresses the weaknesses of histology as a screening tool. We are using zebrafish as a vertebrate model based on the overlaps between zebrafish and mammalian tissue architecture, and a body size small enough to allow whole-organism, volumetric imaging at cellular resolution. Automation of whole-organism phenotyping would greatly increase the value of phenomics. Potential societal benefits would include reduction in the cost of drug development, a reduction in the incidence of unexpected severe drug and environmental toxicity, and more rapid elucidation of the contributions of genes and the environment to phenotypes, including the validation of candidate disease alleles identified in population and personal genetics.

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Anilines: Historical Background

Travis¹

2009

Patai's Chemistry of Functional Groups

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Introduction Identifying Aniline The Aniline Dyes Technology Transfer Azo Dyes and their Intermediates Patent Law in G ermany Aniline Red and the Structures of Aniline Dyes Contributions to Academic Chemistry Anilines for Explosives Industrial Research Indigo Aminoanthraquinone Vat Dyes The U nited S tates Synthetic Dye Industry Other Innovations Medical Research and Sulfa Drugs Antimalarials Rubber Products and Polymers Melamine Anilines and Instrumentation Strategic Anilines Polyurethanes Fiber‐Reactive Dyes and After Organic Reaction Mechanisms Celebration and History Conclusion

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The emergence of research laboratories in the dyestuffs industry, 1870–1900

Cited by 82 publications

References 19 publications

The multiple signatures of carbon

The multiple signatures of carbon

Whole-Organism Cellular Pathology

Anilines: Historical Background

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