The Evaluation of Prediction Potential Neuroticism and Extraversion According to Early Maladaptive Schemas

Bahramizadeh, Hamid; Ehsan, Hadi Bahrami

doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.102

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…These in turn are associated with the development of neurotic behaviour, and in adulthood probably strengthen, and perhaps activate the neurotic personality traits that directly intensify the trait of anxiety. These results are consistent with the research by Bahramizadeh and Ehsan (2011), where the researchers explain that these contents and the early experiences that generate schemas from the Abandonment and Instability domain can be considered as the roots of the development of high neuroticism and an explanation of why neurotic people have a negative perspective about themselves and others, paying no attention to external reality and judging the world as uncertain. The role of neuroticism as a mediator seems justified.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Mediating role of neuroticism between early maladaptive schemas and negative emotionality

Mącik¹,

Łysiak²,

Mącik³

2019

Current Issues in Personality Psychology

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The study contributes to the understanding of the relation between neuroticism, early maladaptive schemas and negative emotionality. Various studies of schemas and neuroticism with the connection of negative emotionality do not give an answer to the question how these three variables co-exist with each other. The main purpose of the research was to determine whether neuroticism strengthens the effect of schemas in the prediction of intensity of anxiety and depression, or whether the roles of these variables are independent of each other. participants and procedure 493 healthy participants were included in the study, where 66% were female respondents and the age range was 16-61 years of age (M = 31.00, SD = 11.96). The Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form Version (YSQ-S3), the Revised Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) by Costa and McCrae and the Personality Inventory (SPI, TPI by Spielberger & Reheiser) were used. results The results show a strong relationship between Rejection and Disconnection schemas and negative emotionality, strongly mediated by neuroticism. The trigger for the trait of neuroticism is the intensification of depressive traits, understood as a set of emotional symptoms, i.e. a high level of anxiety, experiencing frequent anger towards oneself, and simultaneously a strong sense of guilt for negative thoughts resulting in a sense of hopelessness. conclusions Most of the problems leading to anxiety or depression symptoms originate in schemas of Rejection and Disconnection and neuroticism is a strong mediator for negative emotionality.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Mediating role of neuroticism between early maladaptive schemas and negative emotionality

Mącik¹,

Łysiak²,

Mącik³

2019

Current Issues in Personality Psychology

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“…Operationalization of temperament in EMS research has typically used the five factor model and the psychobiological model of personality, for example when seeking to understand depression (Lim, Barlas, & Man Ho, ). Substantial overlap has been found between neuroticism, which describes individuals as worrying, insecure, self‐conscious, and temperamental (McCrae & Costa, ) and EMS (Bahramizadeh & Ehsan, ; Daffern, Gilbert, Lee, & Chu, ; Thimm, ). Whilst it is helpful to understand these associations between personality traits and EMS, it adds little to our understanding of potential processes and mechanisms underlying maladaptive schemas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thinking about feeling: Using trait emotional intelligence in understanding the associations between early maladaptive schemas and coping styles

Ke¹,

Barlas

2018

Psychol Psychother

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Objectives Maladaptive interpersonal schemas can trigger distressing emotions and drive dysfunctional behaviour that leads to difficulties in interpersonal relationships and perpetuates the original maladaptive schemas. This study sought to identify patterns of association between trait emotional intelligence (TEI), early maladaptive schemas (EMS), and coping styles in a non‐clinical sample. Emotionality profiles were hypothesized to be associated with EMS severity and poorer coping, as early experiences can shape an individual's self‐perceptions through reinforcement by maladaptive responses. Design Cross‐sectional study with 142 undergraduate students. Methods We obtained self‐reports of TEI, coping styles, and EMS. Results Disengagement coping was strongly correlated with EMS severity (r = .565, p < .01). TEI was negatively correlated with EMS (r = −.660, p < .01) and Disengagement (r = −.405, p < .01). Emotionality, Impaired Autonomy, and Overvigilance partially mediated the relationship between Disconnection and Emotion‐Focused Disengagement. Self‐Control fully mediated the relationship between Impaired Limits and Problem‐Focused Disengagement. Conclusions The findings suggest that lower TEI is associated with the likelihood for maladaptive coping in response to EMS. The preference for certain coping styles associated with a particular domain of EMS may be explained by an individual's perceived metacognitive ability to regulate their stress and emotions. When individuals’ needs for love, safety, and acceptance from others are not met, there might be poorer perceived self‐efficacies in Emotionality and the tendency to cope through emotional avoidance. Individuals with difficulties establishing internal limits are more likely to respond with problem avoidance, possibly due to deficient distress tolerance. Longitudinal studies with a clinical population are warranted to replicate these findings. Practitioner points Clinicians will likely find it helpful to consider their clients’ TEI to facilitate more individualized formulation and treatment planning, by considering whether related emotional regulation problems might be innate or a deficit in skills Implies the need to do more basic emotional regulation work to supplement and strengthen the established imagery work in schema therapy (ST).

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“…Bahramizadeh & Bahrami Ehsan, 2011; Muris, 2006). Neuroticism, for example, was positively associated with several EMS, being: Abandonment, Emotional Inhibition, Vulnerability to harm and Insufficient Self-Control.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Openness was positively related to Vulnerability to Harm and Unrelenting Standards; whereas Agreeableness were positively associated with Self-Sacrifice and Unrelenting Standards and negatively with Emotional Deprivation, Mistrust, Social Isolation and Emotional Inhibition. Finally, Conscientiousness was positively associated with Unrelenting Standards (Bahrami Ehsan & Bahramizadey, 2011; Bahramizadeh & Bahrami Ehsan, 2011; Muris, 2006, Sava, 2009; see Table 2 for a detailed overview).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form in a Flemish Community Sample

Pauwels¹,

Dierckx²,

Smits³

et al. 2018

Psychologica Belgica

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The Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ, Young, 1994) was developed to assess Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS), which account for the dysfunctional beliefs in individuals with personality disorders or maladaptive personality traits. This study aims to investigate the factor structure, the reliability and the validity of the original YSQ – Short Form (Young & Brown, 1998; YSQ-SF, 15 EMS) as well as an extension including 16 EMS, based on the 16 factor structure of the YSQL2 (Young & Brown, 1998) in a community sample. The sample consisted of 672 participants (51% females; Mage-total = 44.34; SDage-total = 16.24). Results show evidence for both the 15 and 16 factor solution of the YSQ-SF with good internal consistency coefficients for the different scales. Significant gender differences were observed for Self-Sacrifice (females higher) and Entitlement (men higher), along with different patterns of correlations between age and Insufficient Self-Control (r = –.19), Enmeshment (r = –0.16) and Self-Sacrifice (r = .13). Furthermore, Big Five personality traits were significantly associated with several schema scales. In sum, we can conclude that both the YSQ-SF15 and 16 are valid instruments to assess EMS among a Flemish community sample. However, given the unique additive value of the 16th EMS (Social Undesirability) in predicting lower scores on Extraversion and Openness, the use of the YSQ-SF16 could be favored.

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The Evaluation of Prediction Potential Neuroticism and Extraversion According to Early Maladaptive Schemas

Cited by 9 publications

References 24 publications

Mediating role of neuroticism between early maladaptive schemas and negative emotionality

Mediating role of neuroticism between early maladaptive schemas and negative emotionality

Thinking about feeling: Using trait emotional intelligence in understanding the associations between early maladaptive schemas and coping styles

Validation of the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form in a Flemish Community Sample

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