The expanding family of noncanonical regulatory cell subsets

Abstract

The overwhelming body of research on regulatory lymphocytes has focused on CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T cells (regulatory T cells); however, the last 5 years have witnessed inspiring progress in our understanding of regulatory B cells, regulatory CD8+ T cells, regulatory γδ cells, and, more recently, regulatory innate lymphoid cells(ILCregs). This review focuses on these so‐called noncanonical regulatory cell subsets. We primarily survey existing information on the phenotype, function, sustaining factors, and clinical value of the 4 best‐characterized non‐CD4 +Foxp3+ T regulatory cells. We then take a brief journey into the advances and challenges associated with next‐generation sequencing technologies and the application of sequencing to the study of noncanonical regulatory cell subsets.

Decreased levels of immune-regulatory cytokines in patients with immune thrombocytopenia and long-lasting overexpression of these cytokines in the splenectomized patients

“…In the present study, we assessed a core set of immune-regulatory cytokines and found that the key cytokines that discriminate between patients with newly diagnosed ITP and healthy individuals were IL-10, IL-35, and TGF-β 1 , all of which are Tregs-and Bregs-related cytokines. 20 Tregs can be classified into naturally occurring Tregs (nTregs) and induced regulatory T cells (iTr cells). 21 IL-10 is a very important immune regulatory cytokine in preventing inflammatory and autoimmune pathologies and is produced by almost every type of immune cells.…”

The forkhead transcription factor Foxo3 negatively regulates natural killer cell function and viral clearance in myocarditis

“…Once activated the immune system clears the pathogenic invasion by various mechanisms described in this chapter. To resolve an immune response different regulatory cell types exist including regulatory CD4 + T cells (Tregs) (18)(19)(20)(21) and regulatory B cells (Bregs) (22,23), regulatory γδ cells (24), regulatory CD8 + T cells (CD8 + Tregs) (25), and regulatory innate lymphoid cells (ILCregs) (26,27). Treg cell-mediated immune regulation is mediated by high IL-2R expression on Treg cells that could deprive effector T cells of IL-2 and thereby inhibit their proliferation (28).…”

Immune Diseases Associated with Aging: Molecular Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies

“…These iTregs play a vital role in maintaining the immune balance by secreting immunosuppressive cytokines, thereby inhibiting atherosclerotic lesion formation [39]. Both natural Tregs and iTregs can prevent autoimmunity and excessive immune responses by suppressing the proliferation and differentiation of naive and effector T cells [40][41][42]. Irrespective of their antigen specificity, Tregs can exert suppressive functions post-activation via antigen presentation.…”