The Eyeball

Snell, Richard S.; Lemp, Michael A.

doi:10.1002/9781118690987.ch6

Cited by 27 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…Its thickness is 0.2-0.4 mm and contains two types of light-sensitive cells, rods and cones. The rods, which are approximately 75 to 150 million [3,4], are used for more sensitive vision in low light. However, the rods only send information to the brain in the grayscale.…”

Section: Anatomy Of the Retinamentioning

confidence: 99%

Retina Recognition Using Crossings and Bifurcations

Semerád¹,

Drahanský²

2021

Applications of Pattern Recognition

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Recognition of people on the basis of biometric characteristics has been known for many centuries. One of the most used biometric features is fingerprint. Recently, we have also come across the iris pattern more often. Retinal recognition offers similarly reliable mechanisms, but they are not yet well explored. Our procedure for obtaining a biometric pattern is partly based on fingerprints. In comparison with fingerprints, retinal recognition identifies bifurcations or optical crossings, i.e., instead of papillary lines, the vessels are used. The procedure is more complicated due to the multiple layers in which the blood vessels intersect. Our work deals with determining the probabilities for various areas of the retina in which bifurcation and crossing occur. It also describes how recognition can be affected by various diseases.

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Section: Anatomy Of the Retinamentioning

confidence: 99%

Retina Recognition Using Crossings and Bifurcations

Semerád¹,

Drahanský²

2021

Applications of Pattern Recognition

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“…Towards the end of the 4th week of gestation, the distal optic vesicle contacts the overlying surface ectoderm allowing BMP and retinoic acid released from the lens placode to bind to the optic vesicle and displace the intervening mesenchyme (Snell and Lemp, 2013 ; Harding and Moosajee, 2019 ). Within this region of contact, each optic vesicle and surface ectoderm thickens to form placodes and invaginate to form the optic cup and lens pit respectively ( Figure 4D ).…”

Section: Developmental Eye Disorders and Associated Genetic Variants mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By approximately the 6th week of gestation, interactions between the lens and optic cup induce the formation of the cornea from the surface ectoderm (Davies et al, 2009 ; Snell and Lemp, 2013 ). During the 7th week of embryonic development, periocular mesenchymal and neural crest cells migrate into the space between the surface ectoderm and the lens vesicle in three distinct waves to gradually form the corneal stroma, epithelium and endothelium ( Figure 4F ; Lwigale, 2015 ).…”

Section: Developmental Eye Disorders and Associated Genetic Variants mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Model for Developmental Eye Disorders

Eintracht¹,

Toms

Moosajee

2020

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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Approximately one-third of childhood blindness is attributed to developmental eye disorders, of which 80% have a genetic cause. Eye morphogenesis is tightly regulated by a highly conserved network of transcription factors when disrupted by genetic mutations can result in severe ocular malformation. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are an attractive tool to study early eye development as they are more physiologically relevant than animal models, can be patient-specific and their use does not elicit the ethical concerns associated with human embryonic stem cells. The generation of self-organizing hiPSC-derived optic cups is a major advancement to understanding mechanisms of ocular development and disease. Their development in vitro has been found to mirror that of the human eye and these early organoids have been used to effectively model microphthalmia caused by a VSX2 variant. hiPSC-derived optic cups, retina, and cornea organoids are powerful tools for future modeling of disease phenotypes and will enable a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of many other developmental eye disorders. These models will also provide an effective platform for identifying molecular therapeutic targets and for future clinical applications.

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“…The retina is responsible for the conversion of light stimuli to neural impulses, which are transmitted to the visual cortex (occipital lobe). It consists of an outer pigmented layer (retinal pigment epithelium, RPE), which lays on Bruch membrane and an inner sensorineural layer (sensory retina), including the photoreceptors which transmit the electrical stimulus to nerve fibers layer, forming the optical nerve [7,8]. The macula is located in the center of the retina and displays the highest visual acuity due to the high concentration of photoreceptors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Pathogenesis, Genetic Background, and the Role of Nutritional Supplements

Moschos

Nitoda

Chatziralli

et al. 2014

Journal of Chemistry

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Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is the leading cause of severe vision loss and blindness worldwide, mainly affecting people over 65 years old. Dry and wet ARDM are the main types of the disease, which seem to have a multifactorial background. The aim of this review is to summarize the mechanisms of ARMD pathogenesis and exhibit the role of diet and nutritional supplements in the onset and progression of the disease. Environmental factors, such as smoking, alcohol, and, diet appear to interact with mutations in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, contributing to the pathogenesis of ARMD. Inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress, induced by the daily exposure of retina to high pressure of oxygen and light radiation, have been also associated with ARMD lesions. Other than medical and surgical therapies, nutritional supplements hold a significant role in the prevention and treatment of ARMD, eliminating the progression of macular degeneration.

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The Eyeball

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

Retina Recognition Using Crossings and Bifurcations

Retina Recognition Using Crossings and Bifurcations

The Use of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Model for Developmental Eye Disorders

Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Pathogenesis, Genetic Background, and the Role of Nutritional Supplements

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