The face scale: A brief, nonverbal method for assessing patient mood

Lorish, Christopher D.; Maisiak, Richard

doi:10.1002/art.1780290714

Cited by 216 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In order to evaluate the self-rated health status, a method that employed face-scale scores was used (8). Based on the score of the answers, the subjects were divided into three groups based on overall health (moderate, good, and very good).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between salivary levels of chromogranin A and periodontitis in older Japanese

et al. 2008

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The relationship between periodontitis and stress-related hormones is poorly understood. In this cross-sectional study we investigated the associations between the stress-related hormone, chromogranin A (CgA) and periodontitis in healthy community-dwelling elderly subjects aged 60 years old and older. A total of 171 subjects (85 males, 86 females; mean age of 68.4 ± 4.46 (SD) years old) participated, all of whom were living independently. Stimulated whole saliva samples were collected and CgA levels were determined, while a medical questionnaire regarding medical conditions and lifestyle was also administered. Clinical examinations included probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and clinical attachment loss (CAL). When the subjects were divided into two groups based on periodontitis severity, the salivary CgA levels were significantly higher in subjects with severe PD or CAL. Multiple regression analysis showed that higher CgA level was significantly associated with greater numbers of teeth with severe PD or CAL, after adjusting for confounding variables. In this first known report of the association between CgA level and periodontitis, our results suggest a close relationship between the extent and severity of periodontitis and salivary level of CgA in healthy elderly subjects.A number of investigators have proposed an association between periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease, and psychosocial stress, as described in a systematic review recently reported (11), and the majority of studies found a positive relationship between stress/psychological factors and periodontal disease. However, the relationship between periodontitis and stress-related hormones is poorly understood, as to the best of our knowledge, only two studies have been presented, both of which investigated salivary cortisol levels. The level of salivary cortisol level reliably reflects hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity and has long been used in human psychobiological studies as a biological marker of stress (5). In general, the stress system consists of brain elements, of which the main components are corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and the locus ceruleus-norepinephrine/autonomic systems, as well as their peripheral effectors, the HPA axis and sympatho-adrenomedullary (SAM) system (3). Chromogranin A (CgA) is an acidic glycoprotein that is stored and co-released by exocytosis with catecholamines from the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerve endings (9, 10), thus it is considered to be a sensitive and reliable index of the SAM system. Recently, salivary CgA was shown to be produced by the human submandibular gland and secreted into saliva (12). To our knowledge, little has been reported the association between salivary CgA levels and periodontal status. In the present cross-sectional study, we analyzed the association between periodontitis and the SAM system using saliva CgA as a marker. Furthermore, we in-

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between salivary levels of chromogranin A and periodontitis in older Japanese

et al. 2008

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“…Subscale scores were the sum of the items in each domain. In addition to the 32-item scale, the Face Scale, prepared with some modification from the original form reported by Lorish and Maisiak, 10 contains five drawings of a single face arranged in decreasing order of mood and numbered from 1 to 5, with 1 representing the most positive mood and 5 representing the most negative mood.…”

Section: Qol Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

A 3-y prospective study of health-related and disease-specific quality of life in patients with nonmetastatic prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy or external beam radiotherapy

Yoshimura

Arai

Ichioka

et al. 2004

Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis

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We assessed the longitudinal alteration of the quality of life (QOL) of patients with localized prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy or hormonoradiotherapy during 3-y follow-up. In addition, we examined the impact on QOL of initiation of second treatment after failure of primary treatment. In all, 135 patients with localized prostate cancer who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy (RP) (N ¼ 84) or external beam radiotherapy with neoadjuvant hormone (XRT) (N ¼ 51) at our institute and who had a minimum follow-up of 3 y were included in this study. Data were collected prospectively, at baseline, at 3 months after treatment, at 1 y, and annually thereafter. QOL, generic and disease-targeted was evaluated using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Prostate Cancer QOL Questionnaire, the Sapporo Medical University Sexual Function Questionnaire, the International Prostate Symptom Index Quality of Life Score and similar questions regarding bowel function. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significantly different patterns of alteration in the domains of QOL, with the exception of several domains, between the RP and XRT groups. Rapid decline of sexual function and increase in sexual bothersomeness were followed by slight amelioration throughout follow-up in the RP group, and did not change thereafter in the XRT group. Overall satisfaction with urinary condition significantly improved after treatment and that with bowel condition was stable during followup in both of the groups. Failure of primary treatment and initiation of salvage treatment had no impact on QOL. This prospective study revealed longitudinal alteration of QOL status of patients undergoing treatment for localized prostate cancer, but did not yield any conclusions regarding effect of treatment failure and second treatment on QOL due to small sample size. It should be noted that different instruments for assessment of QOL can generate different outcomes.

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“…Since a majority of the sample were university students (46%) and the sample size of young participants was low (n ¼ 17), more research would be needed to ensure usability for children and different educational levels. However, many existing studies on pictorial scales including the SAM scale could prove their usefulness for children (e.g., Dubi & Schneider, 2009;Muris et al, 2001;Pianosi, Smith, Almudevar, & McGrath, 2006;Robertson et al, 2006;Valla et al, 1994), different educational levels and adult non-readers (e.g., Lang, 1985;Lorish & Maisiak, 2005;Maldonado et al, 2004). The same accounts for the possible use for different cultures: Existing literature (e.g., Bradley & Lang, 1994) suggests that pictorial scales bear great potential.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An example is the face scale, a nonverbal instrument for assessing the actual mood (Lorish & Maisiak, 2005).…”

Section: Visual Scales As a Possible Substitute For Verbal Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Spatial Presence: Introducing and Validating the Pictorial Presence SAM

Weibel

Schmutz

Pahud

et al. 2015

Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments

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The aim of the present study was to develop a pictorial presence scale using selfassessment-manikins (SAM). The instrument assesses presence sub-dimensions (selflocation and possible actions) as well as presence determinants (attention allocation, spatial situation model, higher cognitive involvement, and suspension of disbelief). To qualitatively validate the scale, think-aloud protocols and interviews (n ¼ 12) were conducted. The results reveal that the SAM items are quickly filled out as well as easily, intuitively, and unambiguously understood. Furthermore, the instrument's validity and sensitivity was quantitatively examined in a two-factorial design (n ¼ 317). Factors were medium (written story, audio book, video, and computer game) and distraction (non-distraction vs. distraction). Factor analyses reveal that the SAM presence dimensions and determinants closely correspond to those of the MEC Spatial Presence Questionnaire, which was used as a comparison measure. The findings of the qualitative and quantitative validation procedures show that the Pictorial Presence SAM successfully assesses spatial presence. In contrast to the verbal questionnaire data (MEC), the significant distraction-effect suggests that the new scale is even more sensitive. This points out that the scale can be a useful alternative to existing verbal presence selfreport measures.

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The face scale: A brief, nonverbal method for assessing patient mood

Cited by 216 publications

References 11 publications

Association between salivary levels of chromogranin A and periodontitis in older Japanese

Association between salivary levels of chromogranin A and periodontitis in older Japanese

A 3-y prospective study of health-related and disease-specific quality of life in patients with nonmetastatic prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy or external beam radiotherapy

Measuring Spatial Presence: Introducing and Validating the Pictorial Presence SAM

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