The factors affecting in vivo x-ray fluorescence measurements of lead in bone

Laird, E E; Chettle, David R.; Scott, Malcolm

doi:10.1016/0029-554x(82)90727-3

Cited by 41 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Within this sample of 22 subjects, it was immediately apparent that there were two groups. For the majority (16), in the finger the ratio of strontium K α peak area to that of the 35.4 keV coherent scatter peak was 0.45 ± 0.09, whereas for the other six subjects, the ratio was 1.23 ± 0.21. It turned out that the six subjects with higher strontium levels were all of east Asian origin (China, Japan, Korea), whereas all the other 16 were Caucasian.…”

Section: Results Of the Pilot Study Of Bone Strontiummentioning

confidence: 85%

“…This technique was adopted elsewhere, but only in a few laboratories [14,15]. Subsequently, Laird et al proposed the use of the 88 keV γ -rays from 109 Cd to excite the Pb K X-rays [16] and a full working system was characterized and demonstrated in human subjects by Somervaille et al [17]. The use of the Pb L series X-rays was proposed by Wielopolski et al [18] and developed further using polarized X-rays [19].…”

Section: Bone Lead Measurement Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 97%

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In vivo applications of X-ray fluorescence in human subjects

Chettle

2011

Pramana - J Phys

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X-ray fluorescence has been used to measure several elements noninvasively within living human subjects. Some description is given of the constraints imposed by this rather unusual form of analysis together with a brief listing indicating the range of elements for which such analyses have been developed. Measurements of two elements are then presented in more detail. Lead is measured in bone and has become a well-established tool in continuing research into the long term effects of lead. Strontium is also measured in bone and, although presently not in widespread use, offers the potential for essential information in the study of the reported benefits of strontium supplementation.

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Section: Results Of the Pilot Study Of Bone Strontiummentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Bone Lead Measurement Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 97%

In vivo applications of X-ray fluorescence in human subjects

Chettle

2011

Pramana - J Phys

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“…A single scatter of a-122 keV (57Co) photon cannot overlap the Kca1 X-ray energy of 75 keV no matter how large the scattering angle. However, scattering of photons within the detector assembly itself produces a broad, low-energy tail to the spectrum which overlaps the K X-ray energies of lead (6) (Fig. 3B).…”

Section: Source-detector Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equipment Design Issues for the In Vivo X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Bone Lead

Thomas¹

1991

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Several groups have reported the development of systems, based on the principle of X-ray fluorescence, for the in vivo measurement of bone lead concentrations. These systems have used the detection of either the characteristic L or K X-rays resulting from excitation by a suitable photon source. This paper examines design issues related to the development of these systems. These design issues are, in most instances, a result of consideration of the physical principles involved, and hence there are many features comunon to the systems developed by the individual groups. Design issues discussed in this paper include the selection of the site for measurement, source-sample-detector configuration, and collimation. Speciflc examples from published work are used to demonstrate the relevant features.

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“…Later this technique was modified [2,3] where the exciting source of 57 Co in a 90°geometry was replaced with 109 Cd in a backscatter (%180°) geometry. Since then, the majority of XRF studies have adopted the 109 Cd K-shell X-ray fluorescence (KXRF) method because of its many advantages [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%