The fatigue strength of compact bone in torsion

Taylor, David; O’Reilly, Peter; Vallet, Laura; Lee, T.C.

doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(03)00104-0

Cited by 48 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Some investigators 28,34,35 choose a percentage of stiffness loss as the criterion for failure. We initially selected 15% loss of stiffness as the failure criterion, a likely range for significant microcrack accumulation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in long bone fatigue using a rat model

Moreno

Waldman

Grynpas

2006

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Stress fractures can occur because of prolonged exercise and are associated with cyclic loading. Fatigue is the accumulated damage that results from cyclic loading and bone fatigue damage is of special concern for athletes and army recruits. Existing literature shows that the rates of stress fracture for female athletes and female army recruits are higher than their male counterparts. In this study, we used an ex vivo rat model to investigate the fatigue response of female and male bones. We determined the strain versus number of cycles to failure (S/N) for each sex and found that for a certain initial strain (5,000-7,000 me) female bones have shorter fatigue life. To further characterize the bone response to fatigue, we also determined the creep that occurred during the fatigue test. From the creep data, for a certain strain range, female bones accumulated greater residual strains and reached the critical strain at a faster rate. In summary, this study demonstrates that female rat bones have a lower resistance to fatigue in the absence of a physiological response such as muscle fatigue or osteogenic adaptation. From these results, we hypothesized that creep was the underlying mechanism that accounted for the fast deterioration of female bones during fatigue.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in long bone fatigue using a rat model

Moreno

Waldman

Grynpas

2006

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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“…21,22 The Iosipescu method allows for testing the in-plane shear properties in a homogeneous and uniform deformation mode, which can not be achieved by the more usually employed torsion test methods. 23 All specimens were sanded and polished by using carbide papers (grade 800-1200 grit) and then polished to a mirror finish by the use of alumina slurry paste (MetPrep, Coventry, UK, gamma alumina 0.05 lm). Sample preparation was performed under constant water irrigation, to prevent the production of microcracks or damage to the specimen prior to mechanical testing.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strain patterns during tensile, compressive, and shear fatigue of human cortical bone and implications for bone biomechanics

Winwood

Zioupos

Currey

et al. 2006

J Biomedical Materials Res

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It is a common theme in basic bone biomechanics and in biomechanical applications that much of the behavior can be determined and is dictated by the level of strain, whether this pertains to bone physiology, bone remodeling, osseoinduction, osseointegration, or the development of damage. The development of damage, demonstrated by stiffness loss measurements, has already been reported in detail in the literature. However, the systematic study of the development of "plastic" (residual) strains, which are associated with the inelastic mechanical behavior of bone tissue, has generally been overlooked. The present study compares the rates at which the elastic (e(a)) and plastic components (e(p)) of strain developed during tensile, compressive, and shear fatigue in human cortical bone of six individuals aged between 53 and 79 years. The overall hypothesis of this investigation is that there is a common underlying factor in the damage-related behavior of bone, which may allow us to link together the various aspects of the damage related behavior of bone. The rate of development of plastic strain (Deltae(p)/DeltaN) and the rate of growth in elastic strain amplitude (Deltae(a)/DeltaN) are described as a function of the stress (sigma), and/or stress normalized by the modulus of elasticity (sigma/E). The implications of our findings are discussed with respect to simple models/mechanisms, which may underlie the observed behavior.

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“…What further complicates the matter is that once the elementary constituents mineral and collagen have failed, a complex series of crack propagation events starts, spanning length scales between tens of nanometers and ultimately several millimeters. Related toughening strategies in bone have been intensively studied [Burr et al, 1998, Reilly and Currey, 2000, Akkus and Rimnac, 2001, Okumura and Gennes, 2001, Taylor et al, 2003, Ballarini et al, 2005, O'Brien et al, 2007, Koester et al, 2008, but a consistent mathematical theory for relating them to the overall, tissuespecific bone strength seems to be an enormously difficult task. Given this highly challenging situation, we ask: Can continuum micromechanics help to explain not only bone elasticity, but also bone strength from the material's internal structure and composition?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ductile sliding between mineral crystals followed by rupture of collagen crosslinks: Experimentally supported micromechanical explanation of bone strength

Fritsch

Hellmich

Dormieux

2009

Journal of Theoretical Biology

176

128

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To cite this version:Andreas Fritsch, Christian Hellmich, Luc Dormieux.Ductile sliding between mineral crystals followed by rupture of collagen crosslinks: Experimentally supported micromechanical explanation of bone strength. Journal of Theoretical Biology, Elsevier, 2009, 260 (2) This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.A c c e p t e d m a n u s c r i p t AbstractThere is an ongoing discussion on how bone strength could be explained from its internal structure and composition. Reviewing recent experimental and molecular dynamics studies, we here propose a new vision on bone material failure: mutual ductile sliding of hydroxyapatite mineral crystals along layered water films is followed by rupture of collagen crosslinks. In order to cast this vision into a mathematical form, a multiscale continuum micromechanics theory for upscaling of elastoplastic properties is developed, based on the concept of concentration and influence tensors for eigenstressed microheterogeneous materials. The model reflects bone's hierarchical organization, in terms of representative volume elements for cortical bone, for extravascular and extracellular bone material, for mineralized fibrils and the extrafibrillar space, and for wet collagen. In order to get access to the stress states at the interfaces between crystals, the extrafibrillar mineral is resolved into an infinite amount of cylindrical material phases oriented in all directions in space. The multiscale micromechanics model is shown to be able to satisfactorily predict the strength characteristics of different bones from different species, on the basis of their mineral/collagen content, their intercrystalline, intermolecular, lacunar, and vascular porosities, and the elastic and strength properties of hydroxyapatite and (molecular) collagen. Preprint submitted to Journal of Theoretical Biology 6 May 2009A c c e p t e d m a n u s c r i p t

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The fatigue strength of compact bone in torsion

Cited by 48 publications

References 14 publications

Sex differences in long bone fatigue using a rat model

Sex differences in long bone fatigue using a rat model

Strain patterns during tensile, compressive, and shear fatigue of human cortical bone and implications for bone biomechanics

Ductile sliding between mineral crystals followed by rupture of collagen crosslinks: Experimentally supported micromechanical explanation of bone strength

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