The fine structure and the protein composition of γ phage of <i>Bacillus anthracis</i>

Watanabe, Takashi; Morimoto, Akinori; Shiomi, Toshiro

doi:10.1139/m75-275

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Despite Gamma phage efficacy in identifying B. anthracis strains, it was not characterized until mid-1970s [169]. The Gamma virion has an isometric head (52–59 nm in diameter) and a long, non-contractile tail ( Siphoviridae , B1 morphotype).…”

Section: Phages Of B Anthracis B Cereus and B Thuringiensismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Gamma virion has an isometric head (52–59 nm in diameter) and a long, non-contractile tail ( Siphoviridae , B1 morphotype). The semi-rigid tail is 200–217 nm long with a width of 9.5 nm and is connected distally to a small plate and a fibrous tail extension [120,133,169]. Remarkably, Gamma particles generally display a bouquet-like aggregation created by tail fiber adherence to bacterial debris and/or interbase affinity [120].…”

Section: Phages Of B Anthracis B Cereus and B Thuringiensismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Remarkably, Gamma particles generally display a bouquet-like aggregation created by tail fiber adherence to bacterial debris and/or interbase affinity [120]. Its first proteomic characterization indicated that Gamma particles consist of 10 polypeptides, with molecular weights ranging from 12 to 140 kDa, four of which were found to be structural proteins from the isometric head [169]. More recently, a LPXTG-harboring protein, named GamR ( Gam ma phage r eceptor), was identified as the bacterial receptor for the Gamma phage [166].…”

Section: Phages Of B Anthracis B Cereus and B Thuringiensismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phages Preying on Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis: Past, Present and Future

Gillis

Mahillon

2014

Viruses

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Many bacteriophages (phages) have been widely studied due to their major role in virulence evolution of bacterial pathogens. However, less attention has been paid to phages preying on bacteria from the Bacillus cereus group and their contribution to the bacterial genetic pool has been disregarded. Therefore, this review brings together the main information for the B. cereus group phages, from their discovery to their modern biotechnological applications. A special focus is given to phages infecting Bacillus anthracis, B. cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis. These phages belong to the Myoviridae, Siphoviridae, Podoviridae and Tectiviridae families. For the sake of clarity, several phage categories have been made according to significant characteristics such as lifestyles and lysogenic states. The main categories comprise the transducing phages, phages with a chromosomal or plasmidial prophage state, γ-like phages and jumbo-phages. The current genomic characterization of some of these phages is also addressed throughout this work and some promising applications are discussed here.

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Section: Phages Of B Anthracis B Cereus and B Thuringiensismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Phages Of B Anthracis B Cereus and B Thuringiensismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Phages Of B Anthracis B Cereus and B Thuringiensismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phages Preying on Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis: Past, Present and Future

Gillis

Mahillon

2014

Viruses

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“…Another B. anthracis phage called Cherry phage has also been used for typing, albeit less frequently (13); however, its relationship to Gamma phage was not known. Gamma and Cherry phages appear identical under the electron microscope, and both belong to the Siphoviridae morphotype (13,36).…”

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Sequencing Bacillus anthracis Typing Phages Gamma and Cherry Reveals a Common Ancestry

Fouts¹,

Rasko²,

Cer³

et al. 2006

J Bacteriol

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The genetic relatedness of the Bacillus anthracis typing phages Gamma and Cherry was determined by nucleotide sequencing and comparative analysis. The genomes of these two phages were identical except at three variable loci, which showed heterogeneity within individual lysates and among Cherry, W␤, Fah, and four Gamma bacteriophage sequences.Bacteriophages are useful tools for bacterial species and strain differentiation (7,20 anthracis phage called Cherry phage has also been used for typing, albeit less frequently (13); however, its relationship to Gamma phage was not known. Gamma and Cherry phages appear identical under the electron microscope, and both belong to the Siphoviridae morphotype (13, 36).We completed and analyzed the nucleotide sequences of the Gamma and Cherry phages to determine their genetic relatedness. During the course of sequencing, it was determined through restriction enzyme mapping and PCR experiments that the stock phage preparations were heterogeneous, which led to the acquisition and sequencing of a second Gamma phage preparation from USAMRIID. Comparison of the complete genome sequences has revealed the location of three distinct variable genetic loci. These variable loci were also compared with the sequences of W␤, W␥ d , W␥ P , and Fah (Table 1). Overall, this work provides a striking example of how diagnostic bacteriophages can evolve over several years in different laboratories.Bacterial strains and phage DNA isolation. Gamma-LSU phage (W␥ L ) and Cherry phage (W␥ C ) DNA were provided by Pamala R. Coker while at Louisiana State University. The phages were propagated on B. anthracis strain Vollum by plating on Trypticase soy agar with 5% sheep blood (Remel, Kansas) followed by amplification in nutrient broth. Bacterial cells were removed from the lysate by filtration through a 0.22-m syringe filter prior to isolation of bacteriophage genomic DNA. A stock Gamma-USAMRIID phage (W␥ U ) lysate was obtained from John Ezzell, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, MD, and propagated on B. cereus ATCC 4342. A single isolated plaque was picked after overnight growth from a lawn of B. cereus ATCC 4342 using the agar layer method (2). Bacteriophages from this plaque were propagated on B. cereus ATCC 4342 on agar plates (2). The resulting cell lysate was passed over DE52 cellulose resin to remove unpackaged, contaminating nucleic acids in the lysate (18). The flowthrough was then filtered through a 0.22-m syringe filter to remove bacterial cells. W␥ L and W␥ C genomic DNA was purified using a QIAGEN Lambda DNA extraction kit (QIAGEN, Germany). The DNA extraction procedure was modified from the QIAGEN Lambda DNA extraction kit (QIAGEN, Germany) by resuspending the polyethylene glycol phage pellet in 215 l of buffer L4 and 4.3

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“…The ␥ phage was first reported in 1955 as a variant of phage W isolated in 1951 (6,22). The ␥ phage has an icosahedral head and long, sheathless, noncontractile tail (30,43).…”

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confidence: 99%

Identification of theBacillus anthracisγ Phage Receptor

et al. 2005

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Bacillus anthracis, a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium, is the etiological agent of anthrax. It belongs to the Bacillus cereus group, which also contains Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis. Most B. anthracis strains are sensitive to phage ␥, but most B. cereus and B. thuringiensis strains are resistant to the lytic action of phage ␥. Here, we report the identification of a protein involved in the bacterial receptor for the ␥ phage, which we term GamR (Gamma phage receptor). It is an LPXTG protein (BA3367, BAS3121) and is anchored by the sortase A. A B. anthracis sortase A mutant is not as sensitive as the parental strain nor as the sortase B and sortase C mutants, whereas the GamR mutant is resistant to the lytic action of the phage. Electron microscopy reveals the binding of the phage to the surface of the parental strain and its absence from the GamR mutant. Spontaneous B. anthracis mutants resistant to the phage harbor mutations in the gene encoding the GamR protein. A B. cereus strain that is sensitive to the phage possesses a protein similar (89% identity) to GamR. B. thuringiensis 97-27, a strain which, by sequence analysis, is predicted to harbor a GamR-like protein, is resistant to the phage but nevertheless displays phage binding.

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The fine structure and the protein composition of γ phage of Bacillus anthracis

Cited by 21 publications

References 9 publications

Phages Preying on Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis: Past, Present and Future

Phages Preying on Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis: Past, Present and Future

Sequencing Bacillus anthracis Typing Phages Gamma and Cherry Reveals a Common Ancestry

Identification of theBacillus anthracisγ Phage Receptor

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