The Fourth Wave of Digitalization and Public Transport: Opportunities and Challenges

Abstract

Abstract:We investigate the opportunities and challenges of the forth wave of digitalization, also referred to as the Internet of Things (IoT), with respect to public transport and how it can support sustainable development of society. Environmental, economical, and social perspectives are considered through analysis of the existing literature and explorative studies. We conclude that there are great opportunities for both transport operators and planners, as well as for the travelers. We describe and analyze a number of concrete opportunities for each of these actors. However, in order to realize these opportunities, there are also a number of challenges that needs to be addressed. There are both technical challenges, such as data collection issues, interoperability, scalability and information security, and non-technical challenges such as business models, usability, privacy issues, and deployment.

Artificial intelligence and internet of things for sustainable development – emerging technological and social opportunities and threats

“…Still, setting up highly efficient, reliable and accurate systems could remain a great future challenge [7]. Such solutions require adequate business models to regulate revenues distribution to cover involved subjects costs, security mechanism to protect data against unauthorized access and malicious actors, anonymizing algorithms for strong analyses, standards for acquiring interoperability, algorithms and storage solutions for big data operations, interaction models for increasing usability, and efforts to make users involved AI and IoT systems deployment processes [13]. We extracted a set of key requirements to enable more reliable systems: security (regulations, standards and guidelines deployment, end-to-end security mechanisms, intrusion detection systems, post incident management, data encryption, configurable authorization control, users security skills training), data (data fusion, enforced formal data sharing frameworks, cloudcomputing, nonrigid SQL databases, automated collection and analyses) flexibility (open APIs, device and sensors manageability, constant development through networking and device agnosticism) [3,7,22,52].…”

“…Results including number of works assigned to the most popular list of topics and the most commonly used engineering controlled terms and keywords compared to full texts analysis, map out sustainable development's areas of AI and IoT deployment: power sector [5,11,19,20], smart city [7,9,11,[21][22][23][24][25][26], architectural design and smart buildings [27][28][29], transportation, tracking systems, traffic congestion and smart roads [7,9,11,13,25], company operations, business development [8,[30][31][32], manufacturing and industrial control [9,10,16,[33][34][35][36], product design and lifecycle [34,37], threat identification systems, earlywarning systems, emergency services, tracking and surveillance [7,9], agriculture [38,39], natural resources management, especially water resources [4,6,7,40], waste management [9][10][11], health...…”

“…The IoT is an abstraction of limitless objects with unique identities, equipped with some level of Internetaddressable AI and connected to create an ultimate cyber-physical pervasive framework. Connected virtual and physical objects collect data automatically or manually, monitor and transmit data to facilitate a new level of automation [10][11][12][13]. Such network is comprised of hardware (sensors, sensor actuators, embedded communications board, RFID), midware (cloud computing, data storage, data centers), and visualization systems (human-computer interaction interfaces, data interpretation, and event resolving) [6,14,15].…”

Leaving the windows open – økt mangel på IKT-sikkerhetskompetanse i Norge

“…Ofte blir muligheter framfor begrensninger knyttet til IoT trukket fram i litteraturen, blant annet innenfor matvaresikkerhet (Ellis, Muhamadali, Haughey, Elliott & Goodacre, 2015), potensialet i smarte hjem (Devi, Rohini & Suganya, 2016), intelligente helsesystemer, (Feng, 2016) til å utvikle nye forretningsmodeller (Elter, Gooderham, Dasi & Pedersen, 2018), eller knyttet til offentlig transport hvor IoT kan bidra til større miljømessig, økonomisk og sosial baerekraft (Davidsson, Hajinasab, Holmgren, Jevinger & Persson, 2016). Påfallende er det likevel at sikkerhetsutfordringene så vidt nevnes, som i ovennevnte studier.…”

Human Capital Management in Transport Enterprises with the Acceptance of Sustainable Development in the Slovak Republic

“…This creates the pressure for building new roads that irreversibly disturb the natural environment. Various authors deal with the issue of sustainability of the transport in their research works [9][10][11][12].…”