The function of regressions in reading: Backward eye movements allow rereading

Booth, Robert W.; Weger, Ulrich

doi:10.3758/s13421-012-0244-y

Cited by 80 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Eye movements are influenced by the interface design, as information presented by RDP becomes conceptually more difficult, fixation duration increases, and the frequency of regressions increases to process the distance of aircraft for safe separation. Regressions allow ATCOs to revisit previously fixated stimuli such as the text of aircraft call-sign, the figures of flight levels, or images of symbols on the interface displays, and physically returning the eyes to the location of the stimulus could cue the ATCO's memory for that stimulus, effectively aiding the comprehension process (Booth & Weger, 2013). There is a close connection between fixation duration and amount of information processing (K. Rayner, 1998;Singh & Singh, 2012).…”

Section: Visual Behaviors Reflecting Complexity Of Multiple Tasksmentioning

confidence: 99%

How much is too much on monitoring tasks? Visual scan patterns of single air traffic controller performing multiple remote tower operations

Kearney²,

Braithwaite

et al. 2018

International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics

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The innovative concept of multiple remote tower operation (MRTO) is where a single air traffic controller (ATCO) provides air traffic services to two or more different airports from a geographically separated virtual Tower. Effective visual scanning by the air traffic controller is the main safety concern for human-computer interaction, as the aim of MRTO is a single controller performing air traffic management tasks originally carried out by up to four ATCOs, comprehensively supported by innovative technology. Thirty-two scenarios were recorded and analyzed using an eye tracking device to investigate the above safety concern and the effectiveness of multiple remote tower operations. The results demonstrated that ATCOs' visual scan patterns showed significant task related variation while performing different tasks and interacting with various interfaces on the controller's working position (CWP).ATCOs were supported by new display systems equipped with pan tilt zoom (PTZ) cameras allowing enhanced visual checking of airport surfaces and aircraft positions.Therefore, one ATCO could monitor and provide services for two airports simultaneously. The factors influencing visual attention include how the information is presented, the complexity of that information, and the characteristics of the operating environment. ATCO's attention distribution among display systems is the key human-computer interaction issue in single ATCO performing multiple monitoring tasks.

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Section: Visual Behaviors Reflecting Complexity Of Multiple Tasksmentioning

confidence: 99%

How much is too much on monitoring tasks? Visual scan patterns of single air traffic controller performing multiple remote tower operations

Kearney²,

Braithwaite

et al. 2018

International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics

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“…7,8 Fixations, or pauses, also occur during reading as decoding of phonemes occurs. Ocular motor dysfunction is a hallmark of amblyopia; abnormal saccade initiation and execution 9 and fixation instability are often present, 10–13 particularly in the amblyopic eye.…”

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confidence: 99%

Slow reading in children with anisometropic amblyopia is associated with fixation instability and increased saccades

Kelly

Jost

Cruz

et al. 2017

Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and

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Background Previous studies show slow reading in strabismic amblyopia. We recently identified amblyopia, not strabismus, as the key factor in slow reading in children. No studies have focused on reading in amblyopic children without strabismus. We examined reading in anisometropic children and evaluated whether slow reading was associated with ocular motor dysfunction in children with amblyopia. Methods Anisometropic children (7–12 years) with or without amblyopia were compared to age-similar normal controls. Children silently read a grade-appropriate paragraph during binocular viewing. Reading rate (words/min), number of forward and regressive saccades (per 100 words) and fixation duration were recorded with the ReadAlyzer. Binocular fixation instability was also evaluated (EyeLink 1000). Results Amblyopic anisometropic children read more slowly (n = 25; mean with standard deviation, 149 ± 42 words/min) than nonamblyopic anisometropic children (n = 15; 196 ± 80 words/min; P = 0.024) and controls (n = 25; 191 ± 65 words/min; P = 0.020). Nonamblyopic anisometropic children read at a comparable rate to controls (P = 0.81). Slow reading in amblyopic anisometropic children was correlated with increased forward saccades (r = −0.84, P < 0.001), increased regressive saccades (r = −0.85, P < 0.001), and fellow eye instability during binocular viewing (r = −0.52, P = 0.019). Conclusions Slow reading in school-age children with anisometropic amblyopia is related to increased frequency of saccades and fixation instability of the fellow eye. Further research should consider the effects of slower reading on academic performance.

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“…1 Regressive , or backward, saccades (15% of eye movements during reading) are used to recheck words, provide a second chance for decoding and comprehension, and move to the beginning of the next line of text. 2 Visual perception is suppressed during saccades, so word recognition and phoneme decoding occur during the fixational pauses that occur between saccades; these pauses constitute 90% of reading time. 1,3 …”

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confidence: 99%