The Gender-Based Differences in Vulnerability to Ambient Air Pollution and Cerebrovascular Disease Mortality: Evidences Based on 26781 Deaths

Abstract

The gender-based differences in the vulnerability to ambient air pollution have not been widely explored. This study aimed to investigate vulnerability differences to the short-term effects of PM 2.5 , PM 10 and O 3 between cerebrovascular diseases (CEVD) deaths of men and women. The general additive models (GAMs) and distributed lag non-linear models (DLNMs) were adopted, and both single-pollutant and two-pollutant models were performed to analyze the associations between ambient air pollution and daily CEVD deaths. Both models indicated that O 3 was the most suspicious pollutant that could induce excess CEVD deaths, and women tended to be more vulnerable to O 3. These results were confirmed by seasonal analysis, in which we also found both genders were more vulnerable to O 3 in winter. The exposure-response relationships revealed that women were usually more vulnerable to ambient air pollution than men, and the exposure-response curves differed significantly between genders. Our findings suggested that more attention should be paid on the adverse effects of ambient O 3 , and the protection of women CEVD population against air pollution should be emphasized.

An Overview of Lung Cancer in Women and the Impact of Estrogen in Lung Carcinogenesis and Lung Cancer Treatment

“…PM exposure produces inflammation associated with LC (39). Some reports have found that women exhibit a higher risk to air pollution than men (40)(41)(42), probably due to their higher susceptibility to carcinogens, reduced DNA repair capacity, and polymorphisms of xenobiotic-metabolizing genes. Ambient air pollution remains a significant risk factor for developing LC in non-smoking women who live in cities with high air pollution levels (43).…”

Cohort-based long-term ozone exposure-associated mortality risks with adjusted metrics: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Short-term (i.e., hours to days) exposure to high-level O 3 can cause acute symptoms like asthma, respiratory tract infection, myocardial infarction, and cardiac arrest; 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 and long-term (i.e., over years) exposure can lead to chronic health conditions including but not limited to preterm delivery, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and cerebrovascular diseases. 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 Long-term ambient O 3 exposure was estimated to be responsible for over 0.36 million premature deaths globally in 2019, according to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) report released by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). 13…”

Spatial Resolved Surface Ozone with Urban and Rural Differentiation during 1990–2019: A Space–Time Bayesian Neural Network Downscaler

“…Ozone (O 3 ) can cause a series of acute symptoms like asthma, respiratory tract infection, and myocardial infarction, − and long-term surface O 3 exposure can lead to chronic health outcomes including but not limited to preterm birth, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), and cerebrovascular diseases; − and additionally, such exposure increases the multicause mortalities. ,− Therefore, understanding the variability of surface O 3 shall be of significant public health implication. The prime limitation of the in situ observations shall be their uneven spatial distribution, as there is little coverage in Africa, Latin America, and Asian developing countries like China and India, especially in rural areas. − Lacking full spatial coverage highlights the value of atmospheric physical and chemistry modeling, but the global models are also of drawbacks as the coarse resolutions homogenize the whole “ cell ” covered areas during simulation, so that some uninhabited areas (e.g., forests, pastures, croplands, etc.)…”