The gender suicide paradox under gender role reversal during industrialisation

Moore, Fhionna R.; Taylor, Shanice; Beaumont, Joanna; Gibson, Rachel; Starkey, Charlotte

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202487

Cited by 14 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…With regard to suicide rates which correlates with age, gender, and socioeconomic status ( 25 ), although females reported significantly higher rates of suicidal ideation (OR 1.32) ( 26 ); however, the ratio of male to female completed suicides was 1.97:1 ( 27 ). It has also been reported that compared with women, men were three times more likely to die from suicide ( 28 ).…”

Section: Challenges For the Female Preponderance Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The finding inspired the argument that higher suicide rates in males may result from the more lethal methods used by males to attempt suicide ( 30 ). However, in this study ( 29 ), attempted suicide was defined as “acts of self-inflicted injury or self-poisoning with overdose drugs,” which should be more accuracy with the term of “self-harm behavior.” Notably, in a recent review, the ratio of male to female non-fatal attempted suicides was 1.21:1 ( 27 ). Indeed, being male is reported significantly associated with all types of suicidal behavior ( 31 ).…”

Section: Challenges For the Female Preponderance Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, females are only over-represented in suicidal ideation ( 26 , 69 ) or self-harm behavior ( 70 ). In fact, the ratios of male to female attempted suicides and completed suicides were 1.21:1 and 1.97:1, respectively ( 27 ). The gender ratio of attempted suicide was even higher in adolescent (2.07:1) ( 71 ), while the suicidal commitment risk continued to elders aged 60 (2.74:1) ( 32 ).…”

Section: Gender Differences In Self-reporting Symptom Of Depression Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Hypothesis of Gender Differences in Self-Reporting Symptom of Depression: Implications to Solve Under-Diagnosis and Under-Treatment of Depression in Males

et al. 2021

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The phenomenon of female preponderance in depression has been well-reported, which has been challenged by higher rates of suicide and addictive behaviors in males, and a longer life-span in females. We thus propose an alternative hypothesis “Gender differences in self-reporting symptom of depression,” suggesting mild-moderate depression tends to be reported more often by females, and severe depression and suicide tend to be reported more often by males. Potential mechanisms that account for this difference may include three aspects: covariation between estrogen levels and the incidence peak of female depression, gender differences in coping style (e.g., comparative emotional inexpressiveness and non-help-seeking in males), and gender differences in symptom phenotypes (e.g., atypical symptoms in male depression). Our newly presented hypothesis implied the overlooked under-diagnosis and under-treatment of depression in males. For effective diagnoses and timely treatment of male depression, it is critical to incorporate symptoms of depression in males into the relevant diagnostic criteria, encourage males to express negative emotions, and increase awareness of suicidal behavior in males.

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Section: Challenges For the Female Preponderance Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Challenges For the Female Preponderance Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gender Differences In Self-reporting Symptom Of Depression Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Hypothesis of Gender Differences in Self-Reporting Symptom of Depression: Implications to Solve Under-Diagnosis and Under-Treatment of Depression in Males

et al. 2021

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“…Other socio-cultural differences are acceptability of suicidal behavior and availability of means for the suicidal act [37,56]. However, these bring back the discussion to the differences in suicide methods that are the key drivers of gender differences in the choice of suicide methods, which tend to be more lethal in men.…”

Section: Cultural and Social Normsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The gender paradox: do men differ from women in suicidal behavior?

2021

JOMH

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Is men's suicidal behavior different from that of women's? Much research has been devoted to this question since the late 1980s. Scientific literature refers to it as the "Gender Paradox". This term was coined due to the seemingly self-contradictory findings regarding the differences in suicidal behavior between males and females, whereby women attempt suicide more often but more men die by suicide. If there are indeed differences between the sexes, then it is essential to modify the various suicide prevention programs accordingly. This study aimed to investigate whether those differences are real and inherent to the sexes. It attempted to gain a better understanding of the sources of those differences and the reasons behind them by reviewing the available literature on differences between males and females regarding, suicide and suicidal behaviors. The study found that the differences between the sexes regarding suicidal behavior are indeed inherent. Whether these differences associate more with inheritance or genetics is unclear, as is whether they relate to the sex differences or to gender identity. Clearly though, for effective suicide prevention the differences between male and female suicidal behaviors have to be acknowledged, studied separately and prevention and intervention programs have to take these differences into account.

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“…In the literature, some researches examined the difference in suicide rates between males and females, and observed the well-known philosophy of “gender paradox” in suicide—i.e., females typically have higher rates of suicide ideation, but lower rates of suicide mortality compared to males [ 23 , 24 ]. In addition to gender, other demographic factors can also play a critical role in linking to a higher suicide risk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suicide disparities across metropolitan areas in the US: A comparative assessment of socio-environmental factors using a data-driven predictive approach

Mukherjee

Wei

2021

PLoS ONE

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Disparity in suicide rates across various metropolitan areas in the US is growing. Besides personal genomics and pre-existing mental health conditions affecting individual-level suicidal behaviors, contextual factors are also instrumental in determining region-/community-level suicide risk. However, there is a lack of quantitative approach to model the complex associations and interplays of the socio-environmental factors with the regional suicide rates. In this paper, we propose a holistic data-driven framework to model the associations of socio-environmental factors (demographic, socio-economic, and climate) with the suicide rates, and compare the key socio-environmental determinants of suicides across the large and medium/small metros of the vulnerable US states, leveraging a suite of advanced statistical learning algorithms. We found that random forest outperforms all the other models in terms of both in-sample goodness-of-fit and out-of-sample predictive accuracy, which is then used for statistical inferencing. Overall, our findings show that there is a significant difference in the relationships of socio-environmental factors with the suicide rates across the large and medium/small metropolitan areas of the vulnerable US states. Particularly, suicides in medium/small metros are more sensitive to socio-economic and demographic factors, while that in large metros are more sensitive to climatic factors. Our results also indicate that non-Hispanics, native Hawaiian or Pacific islanders, and adolescents aged 15-29 years, residing in the large metropolitan areas, are more vulnerable to suicides compared to those living in the medium/small metropolitan areas. We also observe that higher temperatures are positively associated with higher suicide rates, with large metros being more sensitive to such association compared to that of the medium/small metros. Our proposed data-driven framework underscores the future opportunities of using big data analytics in analyzing the complex associations of socio-environmental factors and inform policy actions accordingly.

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The gender suicide paradox under gender role reversal during industrialisation

Cited by 14 publications

References 22 publications

A Hypothesis of Gender Differences in Self-Reporting Symptom of Depression: Implications to Solve Under-Diagnosis and Under-Treatment of Depression in Males

A Hypothesis of Gender Differences in Self-Reporting Symptom of Depression: Implications to Solve Under-Diagnosis and Under-Treatment of Depression in Males

The gender paradox: do men differ from women in suicidal behavior?

Suicide disparities across metropolitan areas in the US: A comparative assessment of socio-environmental factors using a data-driven predictive approach

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