The German experience with grid-connected PV-systems

Erge, Thomas; Hoffmann, Vanessa; Kiefer, Klaus H.

doi:10.1016/s0038-092x(00)00143-2

Cited by 81 publications

(40 citation statements)

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“…It consists of 270 modules with a total module surface area of about 460 m 2 and a nominal output power of 62.1 kWp [50]. For the simulations, the PV systems at the load nodes are scaled to typically residential dimensions of 3, 5, and 6 kWp [51]. The location in the grid is chosen randomly, attaching a PV system of 3 kWp at node 37, of 5 kWp at node 21, and of 6 kWp at node 24.…”

Section: Load and Photovoltaics Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Battery Storage Systems as Grid-Balancing Measure in Low-Voltage Distribution Grids with Distributed Generation

et al. 2017

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Due to the promoted integration of renewable sources, a further growth of strongly transient, distributed generation is expected. Thus, the existing electrical grid may reach its physical limits. To counteract this, and to fully exploit the viable potential of renewables, grid-balancing measures are crucial. In this work, battery storage systems are embedded in a grid simulation to evaluate their potential for grid balancing. The overall setup is based on a real, low-voltage distribution grid topology, real smart meter household load profiles, and real photovoltaics load data. An autonomous optimization routine, driven by a one-way communicated incentive, determines the prospective battery operation mode. Different battery positions and incentives are compared to evaluate their impact. The configurations incorporate a baseline simulation without storage, a single, central battery storage or multiple, distributed battery storages which together have the same power and capacity. The incentives address either market conditions, grid balancing, optimal photovoltaic utilization, load shifting, or self-consumption. Simulations show that grid-balancing incentives result in lowest peak-to-average power ratios, while maintaining negligible voltage changes in comparison to a reference case. Incentives reflecting market conditions for electricity generation, such as real-time pricing, negatively influence the power quality, especially with respect to the peak-to-average power ratio. A central, feed-in-tied storage performs better in terms of minimizing the voltage drop/rise and shows lower distribution losses, while distributed storages attached at nodes with electricity generation by photovoltaics achieve lower peak-to-average power ratios.

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Section: Load and Photovoltaics Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Battery Storage Systems as Grid-Balancing Measure in Low-Voltage Distribution Grids with Distributed Generation

et al. 2017

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“…It is dependent on the governmental support, which still must stimulate investment with subsidies. In recent years, rapid development in grid-connected building integrated PV systems around the world, mainly in developed countries, is due to the government-initiated renewable energy programs aiming at the development of renewable energy applications and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (Erge, 2001). For example, in 1990 Germany introduced a "100000-roof program" (Ramana PV, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical and Economic Prefeasibility Analysis of Residential Solar PV System in South Kazakhstan

Assamidanov

Nogerbek

Rojas‐Solórzano

2018

Exergy for a Better Environment and Improved Sustainability 2

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In the family of the renewable technologies, photovoltaic (PV) systems today attract considerable attention (Dornfeldt, 2013). However, on-grid PV market is not a profitable sector by itself. It is dependent on the governmental support, which still must stimulate investment with subsidies. Thus, this paper presents the technical and economic prefeasibility analysis of implementing a residential photovoltaic system in South Kazakhstan, using the clean energy project analysis tool RETScreen® V.4. The different systems available for PV cells are considered, however, with the climatic conditions in South Kazakhstan, the study focuses on polycrystalline solar cells (Poly-Si) due to its optimal specifications for the region. Furthermore, local company Astana Solar has implemented a production line of Poly-Si photovoltaic modules using Kazakhstani silicon (Astana Solar, 2012), which could make the project even more attractive to the country.In the analysis presented, solar resource in South Kazakhstan was estimated using solar radiation data from NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy. For a 6.6 kWp system, installed in the roof of a home, it is found that 8 834 MWh of electric energy is exported to the grid in average per year. The suitability of city-level Feed in Tariffs (FITs) to promote solar photovoltaic panels in Kazakhstan is included in the analysis, despite it is very recent and had not been thoroughly examined yet (Ministry of Energy of Kazakhstan, 2014). Several different economic and financial indicators were calculated, such as the Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit-Cost (B-C) ratio, Cost of Energy Production (CEP) and Simple Payback (SP). All indicators for all sites explored in South Kazakhstan showed favorable conditions for deployment of the proposed residential solar PV system. The highest IRR of 17.9%, NPV of $14523 and B-C ratio of 9.65 was observed in Shymkent and the lowest IRR of 16%, NPV of $11366 and B-C ratio of 7.84 was observed in Taraz. Meanwhile, it can be observed that Shymkent got the shortest SP period of 9.9 years and Taraz got the longest payback period of 10.8 years.The technical and economic analysis shows also that the implementation of an additional 50% subsidy on total initial cost recently approved, affected very positively the PV-based generation system in southern regions. Therefore, it is found that all southern Kazakhstan is a fertile territory to implement on-grid residential projects.

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“…Over recent decades numerous applications of PV technology in buildings have emerged, which have been studied to focusing on assess and reconsider technical PV aspects or totally architectural [1][2][3][4][5], As a result of the lessons learned, the constructive application of the PV technology like consolidated form has been taken; this is nowadays a clearly defined market.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘State-of-the-art’ of building integrated photovoltaic products

2013

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During the last decades, the photovoltaic (PV) modules and their associated architectural materials are increasingly being incorporated into the construction of the building envelope such as facade, roof and skylights in the urban centers.This paper analyzes the-state-of-the-art of the PV elements and construction materials which are advertised as BIPV-products at the most important companies in the world. For this purpose 136 companies and 445 PV elements have been investigated and analyzed from a technical and architectural point of view. Also, the study has been divided into two main groups according to industry which producing the product: BIPV-Modules, which comes from the PV modules manufacturers and consist of standard PV-modules with some variations in its aesthetic features, support or dimensions; and PVConstructions Elements, which consist of conventional constructive elements with architectural features intentionally manufactured for photovoltaic integration. In advance for conclusions, the solar tile is the most common PV-constructions element, the Si-crystalline is the most widely used PV technology, and the BIPV-urban furniture is the fastest growing market experienced in recent years. However, it is clear the absences of innovative elements which meet at the same time both the constructive purpose as the quality standards of PV technology.

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The German experience with grid-connected PV-systems

Cited by 81 publications

References 1 publication

Battery Storage Systems as Grid-Balancing Measure in Low-Voltage Distribution Grids with Distributed Generation

Battery Storage Systems as Grid-Balancing Measure in Low-Voltage Distribution Grids with Distributed Generation

Technical and Economic Prefeasibility Analysis of Residential Solar PV System in South Kazakhstan

‘State-of-the-art’ of building integrated photovoltaic products

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