The grand challenges of
            <i>Science Robotics</i>

Yang, Guang; Bellingham, Jim; Dupont, Pierre E.; Fischer, Peer; Floridi, Luciano; Full, Robert J.; Jacobstein, Neil; Kumar, Vijay; McNutt, Marcia; Merrifield, Robert; Nelson, Bradley J.; Scassellati, Brian; Taddeo, Mariarosaria; Taylor, Russell H.; Veloso, Manuela; Wang, Zhong Lin; Wood, Robert J.

doi:10.1126/scirobotics.aar7650

Cited by 966 publications

(619 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…While the temperature recovers to the initial temperature (T < LCST), the iRobot can recover to its initial transparency due to the reversible osmotic swelling, causing a red shift of Bragg diffraction. The introduction of intelligent materials into the iRobot to achieve highly desirable performance in terms of sensing and responding, therefore, could mean an important step forward in soft robot applications …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconfiguration, Camouflage, and Color‐Shifting for Bioinspired Adaptive Hydrogel‐Based Millirobots

Cui

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

185

160

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Nature provides much inspiration for developing soft millirobots. However, compared with smart and adaptations of lives in nature, these robotic systems still suffer from insufficiency of intelligence. Here, a new untethered soft millirobot with magnetic actuation in the head and function in the tail is presented via implementing control, actuation, and sensing directly in the materials, thereby endowing robots with multimodal locomotion and environment‐adaptive functions. Due to the soft and asymmetric structure, the millirobot not only shows robust multimodal locomotion, including controllable and transformable crawling, swinging and rolling, but also achieves an excellent capability of helical propulsion in water. Moreover, the robot also possesses outstanding obstacle‐crossing abilities, including helically propelling over obstacles (>2 body length), crawling within a 2 mm height tunnel and swinging through a 450 µm width channel. Furthermore, the robot can even squeeze its body to crawl through a tube easily via near‐infrared irradiation, which triggers the osmotic shrinking of its body. Notably, the robots also possess extraordinary environment‐adaptive functions, for example, leptocephali‐like optical camouflage in water, octopus‐like controllable delivery and variable appearance via visible color–shifting for interaction with the changing environment. These smart robotic systems would be of benefit in various fields via seamless integration of bioinspired design and smart materials.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconfiguration, Camouflage, and Color‐Shifting for Bioinspired Adaptive Hydrogel‐Based Millirobots

Cui

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

185

160

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In the absence of any imaging feedback, the surgeon is blind and cannot proceed with operations that require accuracy and repeatability. In addition, the presence of body motions makes such imaging modalities vital components for precise, safe, and robust control of robotic systems that pave the way toward semi‐ and fully autonomous minimally invasive robotic surgeries …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic Resonance Imaging System–Driven Medical Robotics

Erin

Boyvat

Tiryaki

et al. 2020

Advanced Intelligent Systems

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system–driven medical robotics is an emerging field that aims to use clinical MRI systems not only for medical imaging but also for actuation, localization, and control of medical robots. Submillimeter scale resolution of MR images for soft tissues combined with the electromagnetic gradient coil–based magnetic actuation available inside MR scanners can enable theranostic applications of medical robots for precise image‐guided minimally invasive interventions. MRI‐driven robotics typically does not introduce new MRI instrumentation for actuation but instead focuses on converting already available instrumentation for robotic purposes. To use the advantages of this technology, various medical devices such as untethered mobile magnetic robots and tethered active catheters have been designed to be powered magnetically inside MRI systems. Herein, the state‐of‐the‐art progress, challenges, and future directions of MRI‐driven medical robotic systems are reviewed.

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“…Rigid robots have dominated the field of robotics for decades because of their accuracy, speed, and strength. These features make them well suited for industrial mass production, yet they experience challenges performing versatile and delicate tasks due to their rigidity and overall lack of adaptability . In contrast, soft robots use flexible components to avoid these drawbacks and to expand the capabilities of traditional robots .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Strain Peano‐HASEL Actuators

Wang

Mitchell

Rumley

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

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Soft robots are intrinsically safe for use near humans and adaptable when operated in unstructured environments, thereby offering capabilities beyond traditional robots based on rigid components. Soft actuators are key components of soft robots; recently developed hydraulically amplified self‐healing electrostatic (HASEL) actuators provide a versatile framework to create high‐speed actuators with excellent all‐around performance. Peano‐HASEL actuators linearly contract upon application of voltage, closely mimicking the behavior of muscle. Peano‐HASEL actuators, however, produce a maximum strain of ≈15%, while skeletal muscles achieve ≈20% on average. Here, a new type of HASEL is introduced, termed high‐strain Peano‐HASEL (HS‐Peano‐HASEL) actuator, that achieves linear contraction up to ≈24%. A wide range of performance metrics are investigated, and the maximum strain of multiunit HS‐Peano‐HASEL actuators is optimized by varying materials and geometry. Furthermore, an artificial circular muscle (ACM) based on the HS‐Peano‐HASEL acts as a tubular pump, resembling the primordial heart of an ascidian. Additionally, a strain‐amplifying pulley system is introduced to increase the maximum strain of an HS‐Peano‐HASEL to 42%. The muscle‐like maximum actuation strain and excellent demonstrated all‐around performance of HS‐Peano‐HASEL actuators make them promising candidates for use in artificial organs, life‐like robotic faces, and a variety of other robotic systems.

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The grand challenges of Science Robotics

Abstract: These 10 grand challenges may have major breakthroughs, research, and/or socioeconomic impacts in the next 5 to 10 years.

Cited by 966 publications

References 96 publications

Reconfiguration, Camouflage, and Color‐Shifting for Bioinspired Adaptive Hydrogel‐Based Millirobots

Reconfiguration, Camouflage, and Color‐Shifting for Bioinspired Adaptive Hydrogel‐Based Millirobots

Magnetic Resonance Imaging System–Driven Medical Robotics

High‐Strain Peano‐HASEL Actuators

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