The Heroes and the Helpless: The Development of Benevolent Sexism in Children

Gutierrez, Brenda C.; Halim, May Ling; Martinez, Margaret A.; Arredondo, Maria M.

doi:10.1007/s11199-019-01074-4

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 73 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…However, the greatest differences concern hostile sexism. These results are coincident with numerous studies [ 42 , 47 ]. It is also interesting to note that, despite differences as a function of gender, both boys and girls increased their level of more subtle sexism (benevolent), which, due to its positive-affective tone, masks situations of discrimination against women, causing many young people to be unable to identify it.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Intimate Partner Cyberstalking, Sexism, Pornography, and Sexting in Adolescents: New Challenges for Sex Education

Castro

Martínez-Román

Ruido

et al. 2021

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Within the context of the widespread use of technologies by adolescents, the objectives of this study were to identify the perpetrators of intimate partner cyberstalking (IPCS) in adolescents; to analyze the relationship between IPCS and gender, age, sexting behaviors, pornography consumption, and ambivalent sexism; and to investigate the influence of the study variables as predictors of IPCS and determine their moderating role. Methods: Participants were 993 Spanish students of Secondary Education, 535 girls and 458 boys with mean age 15.75 (SD = 1.47). Of the total sample, 70.3% (n = 696) had or had had a partner. Results: Boys perform more sexting, consume more pornographic content, and have more hostile and benevolent sexist attitudes than girls. However, girls perpetrate more IPCS than boys. The results of the hierarchical multiple regression indicate that hostile sexism is a predictor of IPCS, as well as the combined effect of Gender × Pornography and Benevolent Sexism × Sexting. Conclusions: it is essential to implement sexual affective education programs in schools in which Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are incorporated so that boys and girls can experience their relationships, both offline and online, in an egalitarian and violence-free way.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…As international and national studies show, adolescents present ambivalent sexist attitudes, with boys having more hostile and benevolent sexist attitudes than girls [ 42 , 43 ]. In addition, the most sexist adolescents show more positive attitudes towards intimate partner violence [ 44 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intimate Partner Cyberstalking, Sexism, Pornography, and Sexting in Adolescents: New Challenges for Sex Education

Castro

Martínez-Román

Ruido

et al. 2021

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Based on this hypothesis’ propositions, researchers suggest that the observed differences between girls’ and boys’ levels of empathy are largely a result of the degree to which societal gender-role stereotypes have been ascribed to, rather than differences in gender alone ( Bosacki & Moore, 2004 ). In Western cultures, studies show that the trait and ability to be empathetic, or otherwise emotionally expressive, is traditionally viewed as a stereotypically feminine trait ( Bosacki, 2007 ; Gutierrez, Halim, Martinez, & Arredondo, 2020 ). Therefore, it would make sense, based on the Gender Intensification Hypothesis, that boys’ levels of empathy would begin to be less apparent than girls’ as the pressure to conform to these traditional stereotypes increases.…”

Section: Gender and Empathymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…empathetic, or otherwise emotionally expressive, is traditionally viewed as a stereotypically feminine trait (Bosacki, 2007;Gutierrez, Halim, Martinez, & Arredondo, 2020). Therefore, it would make sense, based on the Gender Intensification Hypothesis, that boys' levels of empathy would begin to be less apparent than girls' as the pressure to conform to these traditional stereotypes increases.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Empathetic Concern in Emerging Adolescents: The Role of Theory of Mind and Gender Roles

Andrews

Lariccia

Talwar

et al. 2021

The Journal of Early Adolescence

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The current study examined the roles of gender, and gender-role orientation in young adolescents’ empathetic concern. In addition, this study aimed to explore the contribution of Theory of Mind in participants’ empathetic concern. Finally, this study examined whether gender and gender-role orientation were implicated in emerging adolescents’ Theory of Mind understanding. One-hundred-fifty 11- to 12-year-olds (79 self-identified females) completed questionnaires measuring their empathetic concern, Theory of Mind, and their perceived gender-role orientation. Results showed that gender-role orientation, specifically, femininity and masculinity predicted empathetic concern above and beyond gender. In addition, the effects of cognitive and affective Theory of Mind are explored and discussed in relation to empathetic concern. Finally, neither gender nor gender-role orientation was found to contribute to participants’ Theory of Mind understanding. These findings suggest that emerging adolescents’ perceived gender roles, as well as their ability to consider another’s beliefs, play a role in their expression of empathetic concern.

show abstract

“…Diversas investigaciones realizadas con población adolescente española (véase Azorín, 2017;Calvo, 2018;Carrera-Fernández et al, 2017;De la Osa et al, 2015), así como en otros países de habla hispana (por ejemplo, Hernández y González, 2016), muestran que existe desigualdad y falta de equidad en las relaciones de género y en la vida sexual de la población adolescente. Otros estudios, como el de Gutiérrez et al (2019), en cambio, sostienen que en los países occidentales las formas tradicionales de comportamientos sexistas son poco habituales y que las concepciones del sexismo basadas en diferencias biológicas han evolucionado hacia otras formas de "sexismo benevolente" (Glick y Fiske, 1996). En cualquier caso, toda actitud sexista es hostil porque tiene un papel central en el mantenimiento de las desigualdades y, a medio o largo plazo, en la violencia en la pareja (García-Díaz et al, 2018;Héber et al, 2017;Sánchez et al, 2017;Vega-Gea et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

El impacto de los roles de género en las actitudes sexistas de los adolescentes, en el ámbito escolar

Merma-Molina

Martín

Motos³

et al. 2021

Bordón

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

INTRODUCCIÓN. El sexismo y la violencia de género son problemáticas sociales graves. Los objetivos del estudio son: 1) analizar los estereotipos y roles de género, en los comportamientos de los adolescentes, que permean en las actitudes sexistas e 2) identificar posibles relaciones entre la auto-atribución de roles de género y las actitudes sexistas. MÉTODO. Se diseñó un estudio de corte transversal. Participaron 1508 adolescentes. La media de distribución de edades fue de M=14.83. Se utilizaron dos instrumentos: la Traditional Masculinity-Femininity Scale y el cuestionario Gender Role Attitude Scale. RESULTADOS. 1) Los y las adolescentes adoptan roles típicamente masculinos y femeninos, y prevalece la autoidentificación masculina y hegemónica, 2) hay una concentración de roles más estereotipados masculinos y femeninos en la adolescencia temprana, 3) existen diferencias en la autoatribución de los roles de género en función de los estudios de los progenitores, 4) El análisis de la dispersión muestra que los hombres son más sexistas y el análisis de regresión confirma que los roles de género tradicionales incrementan el riesgo de actitudes sexistas. DISCUSIÓN. Se concluye que hay un nivel medio de sexismo, siendo los adolescentes más sexistas que las adolescentes. La masculinidad, tradicionalmente entendida, es más sexista en sus actitudes hacia la igualdad de roles que la feminidad. La influencia de las madres en el desarrollo de la identidad de género es menor y los padres son un factor predictivo de los roles de género de los adolescentes. Hay una correlación positiva entre la autoatribución de roles de género tradicionales y las actitudes sexistas, por lo que dichos roles aumentan el riesgo de estas actitudes. Para prevenir estas actitudes, se propone una escuela virtual de padres y madres que fomente la educación igualitaria y sin estereotipos de género en el hogar.

show abstract

The Heroes and the Helpless: The Development of Benevolent Sexism in Children

Cited by 21 publications

References 73 publications

Intimate Partner Cyberstalking, Sexism, Pornography, and Sexting in Adolescents: New Challenges for Sex Education

Intimate Partner Cyberstalking, Sexism, Pornography, and Sexting in Adolescents: New Challenges for Sex Education

Empathetic Concern in Emerging Adolescents: The Role of Theory of Mind and Gender Roles

El impacto de los roles de género en las actitudes sexistas de los adolescentes, en el ámbito escolar

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About