The hydrothermal system of Cerro Machín volcano (Colombia): New magmatic signals observed during 2011–2013

Simulated Annealing for volcano muography

“…However, since several faults cross the volcano, it is believed that there is an interaction between tectonic and volcanic activity (Londono, 2016). The chemical and isotopic compositions found in the thermal samples reported in (Inguaggiato et al, 2017) supports the existence of a heat source that induces vaporisation of shallow thermal fluids of meteoric origin, releasing vapour in the upper part of the dome and feeding boiling water to the springs at its base. Table 2 lists the density of rock samples taken from the hillside of the Machín volcano and complementing our 3D geophysical density model.…”

“…The estimated initial density model of the dome was obtained with GE-OMODELER, adapted to the Cerro Machín topography and taking into account other geological surveys (Inguaggiato et al, 2017;Londoño and Dionicio, 2011;Londono, 2016). We have improved this model by including the rock densities of samples taken from the crater, the dome and the areas associated with fumaroles.…”

“…Some of the manifestations of the volcanic activity of Cerro Machín are the presence of fumaroles in the dome, permanent microseismicity, thermal waters flowing in the vicinity of the crater, geoforms of the volcanic building and a more significant presence of radon gas in the sector (Rueda, 2005 figure 2). It is one of the most dangerous active volcanoes in Colombia, having had six significant explosive eruptions in the last 5000 years (Laeger et al, 2013;Cortés, 2001;Inguaggiato et al, 2017). These eruptions have deposited many types of pyroclastic sediments with associated lahars that have travelled more than 100 km (Murcia et al, 2008).…”

“…To better understand the complex geology and structure of the region, other researchers have conducted integrated geophysical studies of Cerro Machín. For example, in studies as described (Inguaggiato et al, 2017;Londoño and Dionicio, 2011) it is estimated that the volcano has at least two magmatic chambers located at depths of 5 km-8 km and 10 km -15 km. However, since several faults cross the volcano, it is believed that there is an interaction between tectonic and volcanic activity (Londono, 2016).…”

Physical-Chemical Characterization and Mineralogic Analysis of Hydrothermal Systems Located in the Coconuco and the San Juan Sectors in Cauca, Colombia

“…The geothermal system of interest for this study is located between the Pacific and the Atlantic oceans in the northern part of South America, in Colombia. The system contains many young or active volcanoes which provide a variety of geothermal systems [18,19]. The study area comprising the Coconuco and San Juan sectors is located in the Andean region of Colombia, southeast of the city of Popayán, Department of Cauca, in the central mountain range as the star shows in Figure 1(a) [20].…”