The <i>Xanthomonas</i> effector XopK harbours E3 ubiquitin‐ligase activity that is required for virulence

Qin, Jun; Zhao, Xiaogang; Sun, Lifan; Wang, Kailun; Yang, Fan; Liao, Haicheng; Rong, Wei; Yin, Junjie; Chen, Huamin; Chen, Xuewei; Zhang, Jie

doi:10.1111/nph.15287

Cited by 46 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…For example, the causative agent of rice bacterial leaf blight, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, secretes a non-TAL effector XopK, which inhibits PTI upstream of MAPK cascades by interacting with and directly ubiquitinating rice somatic embryogenic receptor kinase 2 (OsSERK2), resulting in its degradation (Qin et al, 2018). Similarly, the Pseudomonas syringae type III effector AvrPtoB interacts with the master regulator of SA signaling, NPR1, and mediates its degradation via the host 26S proteasome in a manner dependent on the E3 ligase activity of AvrPtoB .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Phytophthora capsici Effector Targets ACD11 Binding Partners that Regulate ROS-Mediated Defense Response in Arabidopsis

et al. 2019

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a vital role in plant immune response, but the genes involved in the regulation of ROS are scantily reported. Phytophthora pathogens produce a large number of effectors to promote infection, but the modes of action adopted are largely unknown. Here, we report that RxLR207 could activate ROS-mediated cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana and was essential for virulence of P. capsici. We found that this effector targeted BPA1 (binding partner of ACD11) and four members of BPLs (BPA1-Like proteins) in Arabidopsis, and the bpa1 and bpl mutants had enhanced ROS accumulation and cell death under biotic or abiotic stresses. Furthermore, we showed that BPA1 and several BPLs functioned redundantly in plant immunity to P. capsici. We discovered that BPA1 and all six BPLs interacted with ACD11, and stabilization of ACD11 was impaired in the bpa1, bpl2, bpl3, and bpl4 mutants. RxLR207 could promote the degradation of BPA1, BPL1, BPL2, and BPL4 to disrupt ACD11 stabilization in a 26S proteasome-dependent manner. Taken together, these findings indicate the important roles of Arabidopsis BPA1 and its homologs in ROS homeostasis and defense response, highlighting the usefulness of a pathogen effector-directed approach as a promising strategy for the discovery of novel plant immune regulators.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Phytophthora capsici Effector Targets ACD11 Binding Partners that Regulate ROS-Mediated Defense Response in Arabidopsis

et al. 2019

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“…Kinaza BAK1 jest celem ataku dla jeszcze innego białka efektorowego P. syringae, a mianowicie HopB1 z aktywnością proteazy serynowej [49]. W rzodkiewniku HopB1 oddziałuje z kinazą AtFLS2, ale w obecności flageliny powodującej formowanie kompleksu receptorowego BAK1/flg22/ FLS2-HopB1, białko HopB1 trawi enzymatyczne kinazę BAK1 w obrębie pętli P. Niedawno zidentyfikowano jeszcze białko efektorowe XopK z aktywnością ligazy ubikwitynowej E3 syntetyzowane przez Xanthomonas oryzae, które w ryżu modyfikuje kinazę białkową OsSERK2 [50].…”

Section: Blokowanie Receptorów Prr I Modyfikowanie Białkowych I Niebiunclassified

“…Ligazą ubikwitynową typu E3 jest również XopK z X. oryzae pv. oryzae modyfikujące i kierujące do degradacji kinazę białkową OsSERK2 [50], a także białko efektorowe XopL z X. campestris pv. vesicatoria.…”

Section: Zaburzanie Ubikwitylacji I Degradacji Białek W Proteasomachunclassified

Suppression of PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) by effector proteins synthesized by phytopathogens and delivered into cells of infected plant

Hetmann¹,

Kowalczyk²

2019

Postepy Biochem

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Układ odpornościowy roślin obejmuje dwa, powiązane ze sobą poziomy obrony lokalnej. Pierwszą linię obrony (PTI) aktywują cząsteczki MAMP/PAMP i DAMP rozpoznawane przez zlokalizowane w błonie plazmatycznej białka receptorowe typu PRR. Jednakże fitopatogeny syntetyzują i wprowadzają do komórek rośliny gospodarza białka efektorowe wykorzystujące wspólne, ale także swoiste dla różnych fitopatogenów strategie molekularne nakierowane na supresję układu odpornościowego. Wiele białek efektorowych atakujereceptory PRR bądź białkowe i niebiałkowe elementy szlaków sygnałowych, inne zakłócają ważne procesy komórkowe, w tym m. in.: ubikwitylację i degradację białek w proteasomach, transport pęcherzykowy, reoorganizację cytoszkieletu, funkcjonowanie chloroplastówi mitochondriów, biosyntezę fitohormonów i przekazywanie sygnałów hormonalnych, ekspresję genów. Efektem tłumienia reakcji odpornościowych przez białka efektorowe jest wzrost podatności rośliny na infekcję ETS (ang. Effector-Triggered Susceptibility to infection)sprzyjający przeżywaniu i namnażaniu fitopatogena. W odpowiedzi na syntetyzowane przez fitopatogeny białka efektorowe, rośliny wykształciły w toku ewolucji immunoreceptory wewnątrzkomórkowe NB-LRR/NLR rozpoznające w sposób bezpośredni lub częściej w sposóbpośredni wprowadzane do wnętrza komórek białka efektorowe. Zmiany konformacyjne w immunoreceptorze NB-LRR/NLR, towarzyszące rozpoznaniu białka efektorowego, aktywują wewnątrzkomórkowe szlaki sygnałowe uruchamiające cały wachlarz odpowiedzi obronnychtypu ETI (ang. Effector-Triggered Immunity) stanowiących drugą linię obrony lokalnej.

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“…For example, several effectors possess E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, such as AvrPtoB from Pseudomonas syringae (17,18), XopK from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (19) that degrade host targets to attenuate plant immunity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytophthora sojaeeffector Avr1d functions as E2 competitor and inhibits ubiquitination activity of GmPUB13 to facilitate infection

Lin

Zhou

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Oomycete pathogens such as Phytophthora secrete a repertoire of effectors to host cells to manipulate host immunity and benefit infection. In this study, we found that an RxLR effector, Avr1d, promoted Phytophthora sojae infection in soybean hairy-roots. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified the soybean E3 ubiquitin ligase GmPUB13 as a host target for Avr1d. By co-immunoprecipitation, gel infiltration and ITC assays, we confirmed that Avr1d interacts with GmPUB13 both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we found that Avr1d inhibits the E3 ligase activity of GmPUB13. The crystal structure of Avr1d in complex with GmPUB13 was solved and revealed that Avr1d occupies the binding site for E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme on GmPUB13. In line with this, Avr1d competed with E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes for GmPUB13 binding in vitro, thereby decreasing the E3 ligase activity of GmPUB13. Meanwhile, we found that inactivation of the ubiquitin ligase activity of GmPUB13 stabilized GmPUB13 by blocking GmPUB13 degradation. Silencing of GmPUB13 in soybean hairy-roots decreased P. sojae infection, suggesting that GmPUB13 acts as a susceptibility factor, negatively regulating soybean resistance against P. sojae. Altogether, this study highlights a novel virulence mechanism of Phytophthora effectors, by which Avr1d competes with E2 for GmPUB13 binding to repress the GmPUB13 E3 ligase activity and thereby stabilizing the susceptibility factor GmPUB13 to facilitate Phytophthora infection. This is the first study to unravel the structural basis for modulation of host targets by Phytophthora effectors and will be instrumental for boosting plant resistance breeding.Significance StatementUbiquitination acts as a crucial regulator in plant immunity. Accordingly, microbial pathogens secrete effectors to hijak host ubiquitination system. However, the molecular mechanisms by which microbial effectors modulate host ubiquitination system are not yet clear. Here, we found that the Phytophthora sojae effector Avr1d physically binds to the U-box type E3 ligase GmPUB13, a susceptibility factor in soybean. The crystal structure of Avr1d in complex with GmPUB13 revealed that Avr1d occupies the binding site in GmPUB13 for the E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme and competes with E2 for physical binding to GmPUB13. Avr1d stabilized GmPUB13 by suppressing the self-ubiquitination activity of GmPUB13 and thereby promoting Phytophthora infection. This study provides structural basis for modulation of host targets by Phytophthora effectors.

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The Xanthomonas effector XopK harbours E3 ubiquitin‐ligase activity that is required for virulence

Cited by 46 publications

References 68 publications

A Phytophthora capsici Effector Targets ACD11 Binding Partners that Regulate ROS-Mediated Defense Response in Arabidopsis

A Phytophthora capsici Effector Targets ACD11 Binding Partners that Regulate ROS-Mediated Defense Response in Arabidopsis

Suppression of PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) by effector proteins synthesized by phytopathogens and delivered into cells of infected plant

Phytophthora sojaeeffector Avr1d functions as E2 competitor and inhibits ubiquitination activity of GmPUB13 to facilitate infection

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