The Ilopango Tierra Blanca Joven (TBJ) eruption, El Salvador: Volcano-stratigraphy and physical characterization of the major Holocene event of Central America

Pedrazzi, Dario; Sunyé-Puchol, Iván; Aguirre‐Díaz, Gerardo J.; Costa, Antonio; Smith, Victoria; Poret, Matthieu; Dávila-Harris, Pablo; Miggins, Daniel P.; Hernández, Walter; Gutiérrez, Eduardo

doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.03.006

Cited by 22 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 96 publications

(140 reference statements)

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“…We note that sometimes very high volcanic eruption columns (40-60 km, e.g., the Ilopango, Toba, Campanian, and Taupo eruptions) are invoked to explain the observed thinning of very large eruption deposits [53][54][55][56] . High eruption columns are required by these models to increase the total fall time of tephra and to explain the slow thinning of the deposit.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

The radius of the umbrella cloud helps characterize large explosive volcanic eruptions

Constantinescu

Hopulele-Gligor²,

Connor

et al. 2021

Commun Earth Environ

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Eruption source parameters (in particular erupted volume and column height) are used by volcanologists to inform volcanic hazard assessments and to classify explosive volcanic eruptions. Estimations of source parameters are associated with large uncertainties due to various factors, including complex tephra sedimentation patterns from gravitationally spreading umbrella clouds. We modify an advection-diffusion model to investigate this effect. Using this model, source parameters for the climactic phase of the 2450 BP eruption of Pululagua, Ecuador, are different with respect to previous estimates (erupted mass: 1.5–5 × 1011 kg, umbrella cloud radius: 10–14 km, plume height: 20–30 km). We suggest large explosive eruptions are better classified by volume and umbrella cloud radius instead of volume or column height alone. Volume and umbrella cloud radius can be successfully estimated from deposit data using one numerical model when direct observations (e.g., satellite images) are not available.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

The radius of the umbrella cloud helps characterize large explosive volcanic eruptions

Constantinescu

Hopulele-Gligor²,

Connor

et al. 2021

Commun Earth Environ

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“…1c). Large-volume PDCs such as those generated by the LCY eruption can overcome large topographic barriers (Aramaki and Ui, 1966;Miller and Smith, 1977;Wilson et al, 1995;Pedrazzi et al, 2019) and reach long-runout distances (Sheridan, 1979;Fisher et al, 1993;Wilson et al, 1995;Bursik and Woods, 1996;Cas et al, 2011;Henry et al, 2012;Roche et al, 2016;Lerner et al, 2019;Shimizu et al, 2019). The evidence for LCY PDCs surmounting several topographic barriers of >400 m elevation difference and subsequently filling valleys over distances Figure 9.…”

Section: Distribution Of Pdcs and Revised Eruptive Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

A history of violence: magma incubation, timing and tephra distribution of the Los Chocoyos supereruption (Atitlán Caldera, Guatemala)

León

Schindlbeck-Belo

Kutterolf

et al. 2021

J Quaternary Science

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The climactic Los Chocoyos (LCY) eruption from Atitlán caldera (Guatemala) is a key chronostratigraphic marker for the Quaternary period given the extensive distribution of its deposits that reached both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Despite LCY tephra being an important marker horizon, a radioisotopic age for this eruption has remained elusive. Using zircon (U-Th)/He geochronology, we present the first radioisotopically determined eruption age for the LCY of 75 ± 2 ka. Additionally, the youngest zircon crystallization 238 U-230 Th rim ages in their respective samples constrain eruption age maxima for two other tephra units that erupted from Atitlán caldera, W-Fall (130 +16 / −14 ka) and I-Fall eruptions (56 +8.2 / −7.7 ka), which under-and overlie LCY tephra, respectively. Moreover, rim and interior zircon dating and glass chemistry suggest that before eruption silicic magma was stored for >80 kyr, with magma accumulation peaking within ca. 35 kyr before the LCY eruption during which the system may have developed into a vertically zoned magma chamber. Based on an updated distribution of LCY pyroclastic deposits, a new conservatively estimated volume of~1220 ± 150 km 3 is obtained (volcanic explosivity index VEI > 8), which confirms the LCY eruption as the first-ever recognized supereruption in Central America.

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“…Unit A [43] was not included as it seems inconsistent (too coarse) with grain size data from the individual sites. Change in median grain size with distance from source for hydromagmatic (Unit C) and magmatic (Unit D) phases of Askja 1875 [36].…”

Section: Tgsd For Ilopangomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dotted line shows the median grain size (i.e., 50% mass fraction). PSDs for Towada and El Chichón are only for grain size ≤ 4 Φ. TGSD for Ilopango Unit A[43] was not included as it seems inconsistent (too coarse) with grain size data from the individual sites.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sensitivity of Volcanic Ash Dispersion Modelling to Input Grain Size Distribution Based on Hydromagmatic and Magmatic Deposits

et al. 2020

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The size distribution of volcanic ash is rarely measured in real time and Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres (VAACs) often rely on a default particle size distribution (PSD) to initialise their dispersion models when forecasting the movement of ash clouds. We conducted a sensitivity study to investigate the impact of PSD on model output and consider how best to apply default PSDs in operational dispersion modelling. Compiled grain size data confirm that, when considering particles likely to be in the distal ash cloud (< 125 µm diameter), magma composition and eruption size are the dominant controls on grain size distribution. Constraining the PSD is challenging but we find that the grain size of deposits from large hydromagmatic eruptions remains relatively constant with distance, suggesting that total (whole-deposit) grain size distributions (TGSDs) for these eruptions could be estimated from a few samples. We investigated the sensitivity of modelled ash mass loadings (in the air and on the ground) to input PSDs based on coarse to fine TGSDs from our dataset. We found clear differences between modelled mass loadings and the extent of the plume. Comparing TGSDs based on ground-only and ground-plus-satellite data for the Eyjafjallajökull 2010 eruption, we found that basing input PSDs on TGSDs from deposits alone (likely missing the finest particles) led to lower modelled peak ash concentrations and a smaller plume.

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The Ilopango Tierra Blanca Joven (TBJ) eruption, El Salvador: Volcano-stratigraphy and physical characterization of the major Holocene event of Central America

Cited by 22 publications

References 96 publications

The radius of the umbrella cloud helps characterize large explosive volcanic eruptions

The radius of the umbrella cloud helps characterize large explosive volcanic eruptions

A history of violence: magma incubation, timing and tephra distribution of the Los Chocoyos supereruption (Atitlán Caldera, Guatemala)

Sensitivity of Volcanic Ash Dispersion Modelling to Input Grain Size Distribution Based on Hydromagmatic and Magmatic Deposits

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