The Impact of a Change to Inhalable Occupational Exposure Limits: Strontium Chromate Exposure in the U.S. Air Force

Carlton, Gary N.

doi:10.1080/15428110308984821

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In addition, NIOSH found painters who performed multiple tasks, such as spraying, sanding and clean up, were exposed to high levels of hexavalent chromium with a 16 µg m -3 eight-hour TWA (NIOSH, 2013). According to a study conducted by the US Air Force, the eight-hour TWA of strontium chromates among spray painters in the primer spray painting process was 179.9 µg m -3 (95% confidence limit: 107.3 µg m ) (Carlton, 2003), which is similar to our exposure level (216.9 µg m -3 ). These results cited above demonstrate that a spray painter can be exposed to a higher level of hexavalent chromium than the occupational exposure limit even when the spray painter only briefly conducts work related to exposure to hexavalent chromium.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Exposure Assessment of Hexavalent Chromium for a Powder Coating Spray Painter Associated with the Development of Lung Cancer

Lee¹,

Park

Kim³

et al. 2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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A 63-year-old man who diagnosed with lung cancer had worked for 13.5 years (1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013) as a spray painter. The Occupational Lung Diseases Institute conducted retrospective exposure assessment to examine whether a spray painter job he had performed could be associated with the development of lung cancer. We investigated lung cancer carcinogens in his work environment. The safety data sheet of six powder coating products showed that powder coatings contained 1-10% of hexavalent chromium. In addition, our quantitative analysis of powder coating samples also showed that the hexavalent chromium contents quantified in the yellow-green and red powder coating samples were 0.27% and 0.95%, respectively. In order to estimate his exposure level of hexavalent chromium, we measured a personal exposure level of hexavalent chromium for a spray painter in accordance with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health #7605 method. The results showed that the spray painter was exposed to the high level of hexavalent chromium (216.9 µg m -3 ). Furthermore, we estimated that he was likely exposed to several lung cancer carcinogens such as crystalline silica or asbestos over the approximately 24 years at various construction sites prior to assuming a job as a spray painter. Therefore, we concluded that his lung cancer was caused by substantial exposure to several lung cancer carcinogens over approximately 37.5 years. Particularly, exposure characteristic to hexavalent chromium could substantially contribute to the development of lung cancer, despite of the sole case of exposure assessment.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Exposure Assessment of Hexavalent Chromium for a Powder Coating Spray Painter Associated with the Development of Lung Cancer

Lee¹,

Park

Kim³

et al. 2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…According to a study conducted in the US Air Force [9] , 88% of measured strontium chromate time-weighted average exposures exceed the TLV during sanding, whereas 100% of exposures exceed the TLV during spray painting. Moreover, the upper confidence limit of 492.2 μg/m 3 during spray painting is 988 times the TLV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure Assessment Suggests Exposure to Lung Cancer Carcinogens in a Painter Working in an Automobile Bumper Shop

Kim

Yoon

Choi

et al. 2013

Safety and Health at Work

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A 46-year-old man who had worked as a bumper spray painter in an automobile body shop for 15 years developed lung cancer. The patient was a nonsmoker with no family history of lung cancer. To determine whether the cancer was related to his work environment, we assessed the level of exposure to carcinogens during spray painting, sanding, and heat treatment. The results showed that spray painting with yellow paint increased the concentration of hexavalent chromium in the air to as much as 118.33 μg/m3. Analysis of the paint bulk materials showed that hexavalent chromium was mostly found in the form of lead chromate. Interestingly, strontium chromate was also detected, and the concentration of strontium chromate increased in line with the brightness of the yellow color. Some paints contained about 1% crystalline silica in the form of quartz.

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“…This supports earlier hypothesis of researchers who used CFC samplers in the field with the simple modification of a large central hole to replace the 4mm inlet with adjacent lip as an easy surrogate for an inhalable sampler. (6–9) …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three inlet diameters (15, 20, and 25 mm) were selected, based on previous field studies using modified 37-mm CFCs. (6–9) For a given geometry, the 15-mm opening would have increased face velocity into the sampler compared to larger openings at a constant flow rate; this was hypothesized to affect sampler efficiency.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A few exposure studies reported use of a modified CFC to assess inhalable exposures by making a 15- or 25-mm hole in the center of the 37-mm CFC cap. (6–9) Other studies examined, numerically and experimentally, the sampler efficiencies of another modified inlet cap, namely a flat-faced cap with either a multi-hole screen or a larger single-hole entry, operated at 10 L min −1 : the 15-mm diameter multi-hole screen reduced aspiration below the IPM criterion, but the single hole inlet provided promise. (10,11) A systematic examination of the influence of the physical characteristics of a modified inlet cap for a 37-mm CFC is warranted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sampling efficiency of modified 37-mm sampling cassettes using computational fluid dynamics

Anthony

Sleeth

Volckens

2016

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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In the U.S., most industrial hygiene practitioners continue to rely on the closed-face cassette (CFC) to assess worker exposures to hazardous dusts, primarily because ease of use, cost, and familiarity. However, mass concentrations measured with this classic sampler underestimate exposures to larger particles throughout the inhalable particulate mass (IPM) size range (up to aerodynamic diameters of 100 µm). To investigate whether the current 37-mm inlet cap can be redesigned to better meet the IPM sampling criterion, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models were developed, and particle sampling efficiencies associated with various modifications to the CFC inlet cap were determined. Simulations of fluid flow (standard k-epsilon turbulent model) and particle transport (laminar trajectories, 1 through 116 µm) were conducted using sampling flow rates of 10 L min−1 in slow moving air (0.2 m s−1) in the facing-the-wind orientation. Combinations of seven inlet shapes and three inlet diameters were evaluated as candidates to replace the current 37-mm inlet cap. For a given inlet geometry, differences in sampler efficiency between inlet diameters averaged less than 1% for particles through 100 µm, but the largest opening was found to increase the efficiency for the 116 µm particles by 14% for the flat inlet cap. A substantial reduction in sampler efficiency was identified for sampler inlets with side walls extending beyond the dimension of the external lip of the current 37-mm CFC. The inlet cap based on the 37-mm CFC dimensions with an expanded 15-mm entry provided the best agreement with facing-the-wind human aspiration efficiency. The sampler efficiency was increased with a flat entry or with a thin central lip adjacent to the new enlarged entry. This work provides a substantial body of sampling efficiency estimates as a function of particle size and inlet geometry for personal aerosol samplers.

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The Impact of a Change to Inhalable Occupational Exposure Limits: Strontium Chromate Exposure in the U.S. Air Force

Cited by 5 publications

References 23 publications

Exposure Assessment of Hexavalent Chromium for a Powder Coating Spray Painter Associated with the Development of Lung Cancer

Exposure Assessment of Hexavalent Chromium for a Powder Coating Spray Painter Associated with the Development of Lung Cancer

Exposure Assessment Suggests Exposure to Lung Cancer Carcinogens in a Painter Working in an Automobile Bumper Shop

Sampling efficiency of modified 37-mm sampling cassettes using computational fluid dynamics

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