The impact of counter-terrorism measures on Muslim communities

Abstract

The problem is legitimate The recent attacks in Paris have highlighted three key issues Europe faces currently. The most obvious one, of course, is the issue of political violence. Although the official figures national governments provide each year to Europol do not place the category of "religiously inspired" on top of the list of attacks, convictions or acquittals (Irish, Corsican and Basque separatists are still ahead) and the total number of attacks is in decline (

Triggerfactoren in het radicaliseringsproces

“…Dat een nalatige overheid negatieve emoties kan oproepen blijkt bijvoorbeeld uit de volgende uitspraak van een jonge vrouw, die kort na de aanslag in Londen op 7/7 fysiek was aangevallen (Choudhury & Fenwick, 2011 Echter, gevangenschap kan soms ook een positieve wending teweeg brengen.…”

Unmaking citizens: passport removals, pre-emptive policing and the reimagining of colonial governmentalities

“…Related escalation of counter-terrorism legislation has come to infiltrate the everyday policing practices administered in these communities. Constant subjection to measures of surveillance and control, whether that be through experiences of stop and search within communities or at airports (Blackwood, Hopkins, and Reicher 2013), through community surveillance programmes (Kalra and Mehmood 2013), or through interventions made by education, health or social welfare professionals sanctioned via the Government's Preventing Violent Extremism (Prevent) programme (Choudhury and Fenwick 2011), have come to frame young British Muslims' lived experiences of citizenship. It is against this context that our interviews took place and the ease with which narratives shifted between general forms of community policing which have been institutionalized through Prevent and the respondents' own experiences of citizenship denial illuminated clear continuities between the formal exclusion enacted through suspending one's identity papers and the more ambiguous forms of "internal exclusion" that deny legal citizens their full spectrum of social and political rights.…”

“…As part of the expansion of state securitization in the context of the War on Terror a whole host of measures have been passed to inhibit and restrict everyday citizenship, most notably through the Prevent agenda (O'Toole et al 2016) and the burgeoning literature on counter terrorist policing has indicated the racialized dimensions of these processes (Choudhury and Fenwick 2011;Fekete 2004;Kundnani 2014) including the appropriation of racial profiling and community surveillance practices for creating suspect communities (Pantazis and Pemberton 2009). While passport removals reflect another way in which citizenship is exposed as a conditional status for racially marginal subjects, there is little known about the specific detail, process and conditions via which individual passports are being removed under the remit of counter-terrorism policing.…”

Citizenship, Responsibilisation and Trust in Counter-Terrorism

“…Whilst there is a substantial amount of research literature about the securitisation of particular communities and their experiences of 'hardedged' counter-terrorism policies and practices (Pantazis and Pemberton, 2009;Spalek, El-Awa and McDonald, 2009;Kundnani, 2009;McGovern, 2010;Hickman and Silvestri, 2011;Choudhury and Fenwick, 2011), there is much less analysis and understanding of individuals' engagement with 'softer' counter-terrorism policies and practices, at the core of which lies the notion of active citizenship. What is less clear, therefore, is the issue of how states can encourage and actively persuade citizens to work within state-driven counterterrorism agendas in a context of differentiated citizenship where there may be competing loyalties associated experiences of belonging at a global, as well as national and local level.…”

“…In the context of Northern Ireland, for example, Irish Catholic citizens in particular experienced differentiated citizenship by being 'suspect communities' and thereby more likely to be experiencing 'hard' counter-terrorism responses (Hillyard, 1993). Post 9/11, Muslim communities have experienced differentiated citizenship as a result of their securitisation and, increasingly, their responsibilisation -being viewed as the moral agents of terrorism prevention initiatives (Choudhury and Fenwick, 2011;Spalek and McDonald, 2011), even though threats from terrorism are multifaceted, involving separatist, left-wing and anarchic, alongside Islamist, groups.…”