“…In the study by Ali et al [16], who pointed out that SET emphasizes the importance of trust, communication [24], and cultural adaptation, it significantly improved international joint ventures' performance by measuring the parent firms' satisfaction, which it based on the overall performance, profitability, market share, and achieving their mutual goals that set high standards for international joint ventures. The SET and TCT enhance our understanding of the impact of inter-organizational trust, IGMs, and innovation function in driving SIC: TCT focuses on the structural design of SIC and emphasizes the importance of inter-organizational commitment [25,26], co-ordination mechanisms [14,19,27], frequency of interaction [14,28], and effective structural mechanisms for IGMs, whereas SET focuses on the characteristics within the ongoing relationships between partners and emphasizes the importance of inter-organizational trust [14,16,23], communication [14,16,23,26] and innovation [6,12,15,29] as effective social mechanisms of collaboration management. Rarely, the studies combined two theories to investigate the underlying management mechanisms; these theories can promote SIC in tourism firms.…”