The impact of ultraviolet radiation on skin photoaging — review of in vitro studies

Abstract

Skin aging involves internal and external processes. Changes occurring as a result of genetic conditions (internal, chronological aging) overlap with aging symptoms stimulated by environmental conditions (extrinsic aging). The most harmful external factor threatening the skin is ultraviolet (UV) radiation. UV radiation consists of three components: UVA (λ = 320−400 nm), UVB (λ = 280−320 nm) and UVC (λ = 100−280 nm). UVC radiation, unlike UVA and UVB radiation, is almost completely absorbed by the ozone layer. UVA and UVB rays reach the earth in sufficient quantities to damage skin structures. 1,2 Nevertheless, the negative impact has been also observed during skin exposure to infrared radiation (IR; λ = 760 nm−1 mm). 3 IR penetrates deeper layers of the skin than the rest of optical radiation.Even up to 17% of the incident infrared light can directly penetrate into the subcutaneous tissue. IR is absorbed by tissue chromophores (e.g., water) and converted into heat so that deep tissues can be heated. The heat is then transferred deeper by conduction, and pathological changes such as skin and corneal burns can occur. 4 The human skin, an important part of the innate immune system, has various molecular mechanisms that protect this organ from UV exposure. The first of these is the layered structure of the

Chemical Composition and Protective Effect of Young Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Dietary Supplements Extracts on UV-Treated Human Skin Fibroblasts in In Vitro Studies

“…Human skin is constantly undergoing changes resulting from genetically determined changes in the body overlaid with changes stimulated by extrinsic conditions. The strongest extrinsic factor is UV radiation [ 31 ]. Overexposure to sun radiation causes sunburn, degradation of connective tissue, damage to DNA and decrease in immunological response.…”

“…In the course of skin photoaging, an increase in the expression of many MMPs, which degrade ECM proteins, is observed. In addition, MMPs play a key role in photocancerogenesis, affecting various processes associated with tumor progression, such as tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis [ 31 , 77 ]. MMP-2 and MMP-9 are responsible for the degradation of type I collagen (MMP-2), elastin and fibronectin [ 21 ].…”

5G Electromagnetic Radiation Attenuates Skin Melanogenesis In Vitro by Suppressing ROS Generation

“…In particular, the impact of 5G electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on human skin has been drawing attention [ 4 , 5 , 6 ], since the skin interfaces between the body and the external environment and serves as the primary target tissue for EMR from the environment. Indeed, the EMR such as ultraviolet, visible light like blue light and infrared radiation affect the skin physiology significantly [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ], signifying that 5G EMR may also have effects on the skin. Also, it is highly probable that the skin may be the primary target tissue of 5G EMR since 28 GHz EMR from the environment cannot penetrate into our body deeper than 2 mm [ 11 ].…”

Anti-Photoaging and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ginsenoside Rk3 During Exposure to UV Irradiation

“…Human skin will be exposed to more solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation due to ozone-layer depletion ( Gromkowska Kępka et al, 2021 ; Lyons et al, 2021 ). Although many scientists have tried their best to slow, halt, or reverse the destruction of the ozone layer, such as reducing the emission of chlorofluorocarbons, this recovery process requires several years or even decades ( Krutmann and Berneburg, 2021 ).…”

“…Animal experiments have shown that the skin of mice appeared wrinkled, thickened, and stained after exposure to UV radiation for a long time ( Gromkowska Kępka et al, 2021 ). Sharp decreases were observed in skin elasticity, water content, and collagen content (measured by hydroxyproline (HYP)) ( Petruk et al, 2018 ).…”