The impact of unregulated ionic clay rare earth mining in China

Packey, Daniel J.; Kingsnorth, Dudley

doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2016.03.003

Cited by 108 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Extracting heavy rare earths out of ionic clays has been a common practice in the Southern provinces of China and is acknowledged by the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC). 41 According to different estimations, illegal mining activities account for around 30% of total rare earths production in China. Although these numbers tend to differ slightly in the literature, overall, the scientifi c community agrees on the general magnitude of illegal mining.…”

Section: International Tradementioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Earths in the Trade Dispute Between the US and China: A Déjà Vu

Schmid

2019

Intereconomics

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte.The trade dispute between the US and China has reached a point where export restrictions on rare earths have become a possible means for sanction. This contribution provides a succinct analysis of the current dependency of the US on rare earths from China and draws parallels to the events during the rare earth crisis of 2010 and 2011, which was caused by geopolitical tensions between Japan and China. Respective risks associated with restrictions on the trade of rare earths are considered. Findings suggest that Europe could be affected as well and should be better prepared to mitigate supply disruptions in rare earth trade. Potential mitigation strategies and consequences of the current developments for Europe are also discussed.

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Section: International Tradementioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Earths in the Trade Dispute Between the US and China: A Déjà Vu

Schmid

2019

Intereconomics

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“…Illegal, unplanned production resulted in chains of black interests involving mining, processing, circulation and smuggling of rare earths outside of China (Packey andKingsnorth 2016, Shen et al 2017). This has seriously disrupted the REE market order and led to a substantial decline in the prices of rare earth products.…”

Section: Ree Issues In Chinamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potentials of Scientific and Industrial Collaborations in the Field of REE through China’s Belt and Road Initiative

Barakos

Mischo

2018

IJGE

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Within the framework of trade deals and infrastructure investments, China also wants to build a "belt of scientific cooperation" with countries and international organisations involved in the Belt and Road Initiative. This could create an opportunity for involvement of several European countries that have so far treated China's initiative with skepticism about the coherence and practicality of the project. A crucial issue that concerns both China and the European Union in the recent years is the establishment of an undisrupted supply of critical raw materials to satisfy the consumption demands of the modern high-tech world that we live in. Among the listed critical raw materials are the rare earth elements (REE). Accordingly, the development of an extended and sustainable REE supply chain is a significant research field in which both sides could collaborate and benefit from. It is crucial for the involved countries to utilise their advantages, work together and share knowledge to tackle technical, economic and environmental issues that govern the global rare earth industry. Hence, in this paper the possibilities of a potential cooperation are investigated in the context of collaborative research projects, academic networking, workshops and training for young scientists. The aim is to seek, find and bridge any gaps that exist between the two sides with a view to strong academic and industrial collaborations.

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“…However, mitigation of the described risks through recycling from anthropogenic sources can also provide environmental benefits through avoiding primary mining [99][100][101][102][103][104]. It was clear from Solvay-Rhodia's communication of its commercial lamp phosphor REE recycling process that the value of recycling REE from phosphors in the EU was beyond pure economic considerations.…”

Section: Case 3: Ree Recycling Of End-of-life Lampsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Governance and Risk–Value Constructions in Closing Loops of Rare Earth Elements in Global Value Chains

2017

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This article addresses a research gap on the challenges-specifically risk and value-connected to realizing the potential for closing loops for rare earth elements (REE). We develop an analytical framework from conceptual elements of the global value chain (GVC) framework and the relational theory of risk to examine several empirical REE industry cases for loop closure. The aim of the paper is to identify how risk-value relationships are constructed by different actors as governance structures form in transactions prior to price setting and how these have impacts on the closure of REE loops. Often, REE loops are not closed, and we find that constructions of the risk-value relationship by industrial actors and by government agencies are unstable as they pursue different motivations, consequently hindering REE loop closure in GVCs. In light of this, we propose that governments mediate against the construction of risk-value relationships by facilitating information on the characteristics of end-of-life materials that qualify these for re-entry into loops.

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The impact of unregulated ionic clay rare earth mining in China

Cited by 108 publications

References 12 publications

Rare Earths in the Trade Dispute Between the US and China: A Déjà Vu

Rare Earths in the Trade Dispute Between the US and China: A Déjà Vu

The Potentials of Scientific and Industrial Collaborations in the Field of REE through China’s Belt and Road Initiative

Governance and Risk–Value Constructions in Closing Loops of Rare Earth Elements in Global Value Chains

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