The Impact of Vocational Education and Training Programs on Recidivism: A Systematic Review of Current Experimental Evidence

Abstract

Although the association between unemployment and offending is well established, relatively little is known about the impact of vocational education and training programs on re-offending, with much of the previous work in this area failing to control for, or correct, selection bias. This article reports the findings of a systematic review, which considers the findings of only those studies that have used experimental or quasi-experimental designs to evaluate vocational training and employment program outcomes for adult offenders. The analysis identifies key features, based on these studies, of those programs associated with the best outcomes and recommends selection criteria for those who are most likely to benefit from prison vocational education and training.

Analysis of the Necessity for Heutagogical Approach Through 4Cs Skills as Innovation for Vocational Lectures in the Education 4.0

“…In this era of education 4.0, vocational education must also be immediately changed or transformed from traditional learning into modern education. That is because to ensure students have the knowledge, learning and innovation skills, the skills to use technology to find information, and to survive by using skills for life skills (Lang et al, 2017;Newton et al, 2018;Woessmann, 2019). Universities should be able to equip students with the various competencies above so that they can compete in the education era 4.0.…”

Analysis of Self Concept and Graduation Capability in the Era of Industrial Revolution 4.0 to Increase Absorption of Vocational Student Graduates

“…In the internal dimension, self-concept has a role that is to unite the relationship between attitudes and beliefs about oneself. In addition, self-concept is a dynamic and complex system of beliefs that a person has about him, including attitudes, feelings, perceptions, values and unique behavior of the individual (Lang et al, 2017;Forster and Bol, 2018;Newton et al, 2018;Haris et al, 2019). That is actually the competency needed by vocational students in facing this IR 4.0 era.…”

“…The role of universities as laboratories in creating a new generation is still too relatively slow (Journal and Journal, 2018;Newton et al, 2018;Dang, Wang and Kang, 2019;Lin, 2019). So far, learning in higher education is still dominated by learning with verbal and classical systems, so that students use more passive and offline learning resources.…”

Learning Innovations of Massive Open Online Courses Integrated Hybrid Learning as an Acceleration to Increasing Professional Capability of Prospective Vocational Teachers in the Industrial Revolution 4.0

“…Some experts state that the learning process in the field of vocational training will be efficient if the environment in which students are trained is a replica of the environment where they will later work (Lang et al, 2017;Yousaf, Ashfaq and Ahmad, 2018;Haris et al, 2019;Lin, 2019). In addition, the learning principle of the vocational field explains that effective learning will be given if the training tasks are carried out in the same way, tools, and machines as applied in the workplace (Forster and Bol, 2018;Newton et al, 2018).…”

“…The component of the need for professional skills in other vocational field teachers is expertise in developing the potential of their students (Jossberger et al, 2018;Kintu, Kitainge and Ferej, 2019). The prospective professional teacher should have many successful experiences in applying skills and knowledge by their fields (Forster and Bol, 2018;Jossberger et al, 2018;Newton et al, 2018;Smirnova et al, 2019). That will lead to trust by the students.…”