“…The presence of students has also been widely introduced to technology. For example, the study of Safrudin, Trisnamansyah, Makmun, & Darmawan (2019) about technology-based learning to improve student independence, Kamil, Amin, Saidin, & Upe (2019), and Mardhiyana & Nasution (2019) in the fourth industrial era. In addition, Gunawan, Harjono, Sahidu, & Gunada (2019) conducted training related to the utilization of information and communication technology.…”