The incidence of calcium oxalate crystals in fruit walls of tomato (<i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i>Mill.) as affected by humidity, phosphate and calcium supply

Kreij, C. de; Janse, J.; Goor, B. J. Van; Doesburg, J. D. J. Van

doi:10.1080/00221589.1992.11516219

Cited by 36 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…However, a11 of the estimates are near the limit of discrimination of the method used, and only the estimate for oxalate is likely to represent genuine accumulation. We were surprised that a greater level of oxalate was not found in the cell wall, because this is where the bulk of the calcium is located (Table I) and oxalate can compete for calcium with pectic polymers, forming a sparingly soluble salt (Ferguson et al, 1980;de Kreij et al, 1992). Our results show that inside the cell the level of oxalate is 22 nmol/mg dry weight, compared to 11 nmol/mg dry weight for calcium (calculated from the difference between rows 2 and 3, Table I).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Nonaqueous Fractionation to Assess the Ionic Composition of the Apoplast during Fruit Ripening

1995

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We have examined the possibility that pectin solubilization and cell separation in fruit may be due to organic acids disrupting calcium bridges between pectic polysaccharides. With fruit from a wild tomato (Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium [Dunall) we demonstrated the validity of a nonaqueous fractionation method to obtain reliable estimates of the ionic content of the apoplast. I n unripe fruit no organic acids were associated with the cell wall, which contained 67% of the total calcium and 47% of the magnesium. I n ripe fruit 4% of the malate, 10% of the citrate, and 15% of the oxalate were estimated to be in the cell wall, together with 84% of the calcium and 52% of the magnesium. In contrast to the cultivated tomato, we did not find a consistent decrease i n the degree of methyl esterification between unripe and ripe fruit, and an overall average of 75% was observed. I n the cell walls of ripe fruit the ratio of ca1cium:magnesium:organic acid:unesterified uronic acid, on the basis of charge, was 15:4:4:16. The use of a computer program to predict the proportions of different ionic species in complex mixtures suggested that in ripe fruit 70% of the unesterified uronic acid would be complexed with calcium. Our results show that organic acids do not accumulate in the cell wall sufficiently to disrupt calcium cross-linking, nor is the calcium removed from the wall into the cell. We therefore conclude that organic acids do not contribute to cell separation during the ripening of tomato fruit.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Nonaqueous Fractionation to Assess the Ionic Composition of the Apoplast during Fruit Ripening

1995

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“…Low supply of calcium to tomato fruit leads to more fruit with blossom-end rot (BER) (Ho et al, 1999;Saure, 2001). Excessive supply of calcium to fruit causes goldspeck/goldspot, cells containing a granular mass of tiny calcium oxalate crystals (De Kreij et al, 1992;Den Outer and van Veenendaal, 1988;Ho et humidity and temperature. Leamington (41 °N, continental climatic type) in Ontario, Canada, where one-third of North America greenhouse tomatoes are grown, has quite different climatic conditions from northern Europe (close to 50 °N, maritime climatic type).…”

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Effects of Calcium and Magnesium on Plant Growth, Biomass Partitioning, and Fruit Yield of Winter Greenhouse Tomato

Hao¹,

Papadopoulos²

2004

HortSci

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Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) `Trust' was grown on rockwool with nutrient solutions containing two levels of calcium (150 and 300 mg·L-1) in factorial combination with three levels of magnesium (20, 50, and 80 mg·L-1) in Winters 1997 and 1998, to investigate the effects of calcium and magnesium on growth, biomass partitioning, and fruit production. Plants grown at 20 mg·L-1 Mg started to show Mg deficiency symptoms (leaf chlorosis) at 8 weeks after planting. The chlorophyll content of middle and bottom leaves increased with increasing Mg concentration in the nutrient solution. At 300 mg·L-1 Ca, total fruit yield and fruit dry matter increased linearly with increasing Mg concentration; marketable fruit yield and total plant biomass showed similar response but to a lower degree. At 150 mg·L-1 Ca, total plant biomass, fruit dry matter and yield peaked at 50 mg·L-1 Mg. The biomass allocation to fruit increased while allocation to leaves decreased with increasing Mg concentration. The Mg effects on total and marketable fruit yield were mainly due to its influence on fruit yield in the late growth stage. Incidence of blossom-end rot (BER) at 150 mg·L-1 Ca increased linearly with increasing Mg concentration while it was not affected by Mg concentration at 300 mg·L-1 Ca. For a winter greenhouse tomato crop, the appropriate Ca and Mg concentrations for tomato production appear to be at 300 and 80 mg·L-1, respectively.

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“…1 the incidence increased with irrigation frequency. Conditions that increase root pressure were reported as factors that led to the appearance of yellow spots in tomato and pepper (de Kreij et al, 1992;Portree, 1996). Susceptibility to yellow spots also varies among pepper cultivars, but the causes of this disorder are not yet clear (Aloni et al, 1994;Wien, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…plants are affected in similar ways by frequency and volume of irrigation events, and by concentration of nutrients in the delivered solution (Dorais et al, 2001;Silber et al, 2005b). Changes in media moisture conditions, nutrient levels, and electrical conductivity (EC) in the media can reduce fruit quality in these crops (Aloni et al, 1999;de Kreij et al, 1992;Dorais et al, 2001;Ehret et al, 1993). With fruit and leafy vegetables grown under frequent irrigation events, and in warm environments, nutrient solution concentration levels can be set lower than in cool environments if plants receive sufficient amounts of water (Adams, 2002;Silber et al, 2003Silber et al, , 2005aSonnenveld, 2002).…”

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Bell Pepper Fruit Yield and Quality as Influenced by Solar Radiation-based Irrigation and Container Media in a Passively Ventilated Greenhouse

Jovicich¹,

Cantliffe²,

Stoffella³

et al. 2007

horts

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Frequent fertigation of soilless-grown bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) can increase fruit production, but development of fruit disorders may offset the increase in yield of first-quality (blemish-free) fruit in greenhouses with minimal environmental control. Fruit yield and quality were studied as affected by water volumes and nutrient concentration levels, delivered with irrigation events initiated after determined cumulative solar radiation levels, in ‘HA3378’ bell pepper from October to May in north–central Florida. Irrigation events occurred after solar radiation integral levels (SRI; ±SD) 1.7 ± 0.42, 3.7 ± 0.42, 5.7 ± 0.42, 7.7 ± 0.42, and 9.7 ± 0.42 kW·min−1·m−2, which led to mean number of daily irrigation events of 61 ± 31, 26 ± 12, 17 ± 8, 12 ± 5, and 10 ± 4 respectively. In peat mix, perlite, and pine bark media, volume per irrigation event and concentration levels of the nutrient solution were, in the first experiment, 74 mL standard (74-s), and in a second concurrent experiment, 74 mL half-standard (74-½s) or 3) 37 mL standard (37-s). In both studies, combined marketable fruit yields of first quality and second quality (minor cracking patterns and yellow spots) increased linearly with decreasing SRI (increased events per day). First-quality fruit weight with 74-s was unaffected by media and, in a quadratic response to SRI, reached 5.4 kg·m−2 at 5.7 kW·min−1·m−2. First-quality weight with 74-½s and 37-s did not differ. Weight was unaffected by SRI in peat mix and perlite, and a quadratic response was recorded in pine bark, with yields of ≤3.6 kg·m−2. Fruit cracking incidence decreased with increased SRI, and was generally greater in pine bark. Incidence of yellow spots doubled with 74-½s compared with 37-s, and decreased linearly with increased SRI; the disorder was minor with 74-s. Compared with 37-s, 74-½s decreased fruit with blossom-end rot by 14%, increased marketable fruit weight by 10% in media with the lowest water-holding capacity (perlite, pine bark), and increased nutrient use efficiency. With any media used, the SRI set point of 5.7 kW·min−1·m−2 (daily mean of 17 irrigation events) and 74 mL, at standard nutrient concentration levels, appeared to produce greater blemish-free fruit yield than delivering 37 mL/event or half-concentrated 74 mL/event within the range of SRI means of 1.7 to 9.7 kW·min−1·m−2 (61–10 irrigation events/day). Disorder-tolerant pepper cultivars, better temperature control, and August plantings are additional suggestions for irrigation management to increase first-quality fruit yield.

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The incidence of calcium oxalate crystals in fruit walls of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.) as affected by humidity, phosphate and calcium supply

Cited by 36 publications

References 7 publications

The Use of Nonaqueous Fractionation to Assess the Ionic Composition of the Apoplast during Fruit Ripening

The Use of Nonaqueous Fractionation to Assess the Ionic Composition of the Apoplast during Fruit Ripening

Effects of Calcium and Magnesium on Plant Growth, Biomass Partitioning, and Fruit Yield of Winter Greenhouse Tomato

Bell Pepper Fruit Yield and Quality as Influenced by Solar Radiation-based Irrigation and Container Media in a Passively Ventilated Greenhouse

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