The infection of rat tongue mucosa in vitro with five species of candida

Howlett, JA

doi:10.1099/00222615-9-3-309

Cited by 37 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…A series of experiments testing several Candida species in mice grouped C. albicans and C. tropicalis as the most virulent (infections with high inoculums were lethal), followed by C. glabrata and C. lusitaniae (not lethal, but organisms persisted in organs), with C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, and M. guilliermondii as the least virulent, with at least some of the animals clearing even high inoculums from the kidneys (8). This is broadly consistent with a variety of other studies using subsets of these species in mouse models of disseminated or mucosal infections or gastrointestinal colonization (9)(10)(11)(12)(13). It is notable that in these models, C. parapsilosis is consistently less virulent than would be predicted from its clinical incidence.…”

supporting

confidence: 77%

Characterization of Virulence-Related Phenotypes in Candida Species of the CUG Clade

Priest

Lorenz

2015

Eukaryot Cell

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bCandida species cause a variety of mucosal and invasive infections and are, collectively, the most important human fungal pathogens in the developed world. The majority of these infections result from a few related species within the "CUG clade," so named because they use a nonstandard translation for that codon. Some members of the CUG clade, such as Candida albicans, present significant clinical problems, whereas others, such as Candida (Meyerozyma) guilliermondii, are uncommon in patients. The differences in incidence rates are imperfectly correlated with virulence in animal models of infection, but comparative analyses that might provide an explanation for why some species are effective pathogens and others are not have been rare or incomplete. To better understand the phenotypic basis for these differences, we characterized eight CUG clade species-C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, Clavispora lusitaniae, M. guilliermondii, Debaryomyces hansenii, and Lodderomyces elongisporus-for host-relevant phenotypes, including nutrient utilization, stress tolerance, morphogenesis, interactions with phagocytes, and biofilm formation. Two species deviated from expectations based on animal studies and human incidence. C. dubliniensis was quite robust, grouping in nearly all assays with the most virulent species, C. albicans and C. tropicalis, whereas C. parapsilosis was substantially less fit than might be expected from its clinical importance. These findings confirm the utility of in vitro measures of virulence and provide insight into the evolution of virulence in the CUG clade. Candida species are the most important fungal pathogens of humans and are collectively responsible for a vast number of infections. These range from superficial mucosal infections such as vulvovaginal candidiasis, and oropharyngeal thrush, to lifethreatening infections such as disseminated hematogenous and invasive candidiasis. These latter infections have steadily increased in incidence in the last 30 years and are associated with a stubbornly high mortality rate as a result of the underlying immunodeficiency of the patients and inadequate diagnostics and treatments (1).Of the approximately 150 species in the genus, 95% of infections are caused by just four species: C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, and C. glabrata (2-4). C. albicans is the dominant species, representing about half of disseminated disease and an even greater percentage of mucosal infections. Other clinically relevant species include Clavispora lusitaniae (anamorph: Candida lusitaniae), M. guilliermondii (anamorph: Candida guilliermondii), C. krusei, and C. dubliniensis, while D. hansenii (synonym: Candida famata) and Lodderomyces elongisporus are subjects of rare clinical reports. Because the genus Candida is polyphyletic, a better sense of evolutionary relationships comes in the "CUG clade," a grouping of species that use an alternative genetic code in which that codon specifies serine rather than leucine (5, 6). The CUG clade encompasses ...

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confidence: 77%

Characterization of Virulence-Related Phenotypes in Candida Species of the CUG Clade

Priest

Lorenz

2015

Eukaryot Cell

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“…Invasive character istics of C. albicans as determined in this study were simi lar to those observed in human Candida infections of fetal membranes and amniotic sac [3,4,6]. The behavior of C. albicans observed in the present membrane culture sys tem was similar to those previously reported for cultured rat tongue mucosa [10], human vaginal mucosa [11] and human fetal membranes [7]. Howlett [10] has reported that C. albicans was able to penetrate through all layers of the rat tongue mucosa compared to C. tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis and C. guilliermondii, who were unable to demonstrate the same behavior.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

In vitro Infection of Human Fetal Membranes with Candida Species

Gürgan

Diker²,

Haziroğlu³

et al. 1994

Gynecol Obstet Invest

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To assess whether Candida species can penetrate intact fetal membranes under in vitro conditions, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida guil-liermondii, Candida pseudotropicalis and Candida glabrata were inoculated onto the surface of the maternal side of the membranes obtained from 4 pregnant women undergoing repeat cesarean section. After incubation under culture conditions, membranes were evaluated by histological examination. C.albicans inoculated onto the maternal side penetrated and passed to the fetal side and caused some degeneration of the structure of the membrane epithelium. The other four Candida species grew heavily on the maternal surface but did not penetrate and invade the membranes. This effect of C. albicans on fetal membranes may explain the potential mechanism in the development of Candida infections of the amniotic fluid, fetal membranes and possibly the fetus.

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“…Candida guilliermondii seems to be one of the least virulent amongst Candida species 3,7,18,22 . In a study using an immunocompetent mouse model 3 , eight Candida species could be divided into three virulence groups of decreasing pathogenicity: (1) C. albicans and C. tropicalis; (2) C. glabrata, C. lusitaniae and C. kefyr; and (3) C. parapsilosis, C. krusei and C. guilliermondii.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Candida guilliermondii as the aetiology of candidosis

Pasqualotto

Antunes

Severo

2006

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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Candida guilliermondii is one of the components of human microbiota. This yeast has been infrequently associated with human infections, which may be related to its low pathogenicity. The aim of this study was to provide clinical and epidemiological data for patients infected with C. guilliermondii at Santa Casa Complexo Hospitalar, Brazil. From October 1997 to October 2003, C. guilliermondii was isolated from clinical samples from 11 patients. Three patients were excluded because the isolation of the yeast represented colonisation. Specimens from the eight patients included in the study corresponded to blood (n = 5), ascitis fluid (n = 2), and oesophagus biopsy (n = 1). Three patients (37.5%) had major immunosuppressed conditions, including solid organ transplantation, AIDS, and leukaemia. Previous use of antibiotics occurred in 87.5%. Main invasive medical procedures were central venous catheter (50.0%), abdominal surgery (25.0%), and peritoneal dialysis (50.0%). No susceptibility data was obtained. Although risk factors for candidaemia were similar amongst patients infected by with C. guilliermondii or other Candida species, mortality associated with C. guilliermondii was significantly lower.

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The infection of rat tongue mucosa in vitro with five species of candida

Cited by 37 publications

References 10 publications

Characterization of Virulence-Related Phenotypes in Candida Species of the CUG Clade

Characterization of Virulence-Related Phenotypes in Candida Species of the CUG Clade

In vitro Infection of Human Fetal Membranes with Candida Species

Candida guilliermondii as the aetiology of candidosis

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