The influence of aluminium, steel and polyurethane shoeing systems and of the unshod hoof on the injury risk of a horse kick

Sprick, Miriam; Fürst, Anton; Baschnagel, Fabio; Michel, Silvain; Piskoty, G.; Hartnack, Sonja; Jackson, Michelle

doi:10.3415/vcot-17-01-0003

Cited by 4 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Based on these results (►Table 1), the starting velocity used in the main study was set to 7 m/s for steel and horn (1 m/s below the impact velocity used for the stronger long bones). 6 At this velocity, with the horn impactor less than 25% and with the steel impactor 75% of the orbits fractured.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The same dropping facility as previously described was used. 6,7 The impactor was guided on a rail, oriented perpendicular to the orbit and centred on the highest point of the orbital rim. Adjusting the dropping height of the impactor set the impact velocity.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…steel in this study). 6,7 To define the adequate impact velocity, five skulls (10 orbits) served as a pilot study. Impact velocity was gradually increased from 6 m/s to 9 m/s with 1 m/s increments and the presence of a fracture or fissure (yes/no) was determined.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This assumption has recently been supported by an experimental study in equine long bones, investigating the influence of shoeing systems on the injury risk of a horse kick. 6 To simulate the kick, a rigid body impactor with a weight of 2 kg and an impact speed of 8 to 12 m/s was used. This configuration was shown to be a good representation of a real horse kick and resulting injuries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…shod hoof with steel and aluminium, 75-81% at 8 m/s). 6 Equine orbital fractures are underreported in the veterinary literature. 2,4 Studies investigating an experimental equine orbital fracture model or the influence of different shoeing materials on orbital fracture probability and configuration are lacking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Risk of a Shod and Unshod Horse Kick to Create Orbital Fractures in Equine Cadaveric Skulls

Joss

Baschnagel

Ohlerth

et al. 2019

Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol

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Objective The aim of this study was to compare the potential of an unshod and shod hoof to cause an orbital fracture in the event of a kick. Materials and Methods Thirty-four equine cadaveric orbitae were exposed to a steel or horn impactor in a dropping test set-up. An impactor velocity of 7 m/s was used for both materials. Testing was repeated on the same orbit at a velocity of 10 m/s with the horn impactor if no damage occurred. A high-speed camera was used to analyse the impact process. Physical parameters (peak force and impact duration) were calculated based on quantitative video-tracking. Computed tomographic (CT) scans were generated and fracture configurations described. Results At 7 m/s, the fracture probability was lower for horn (23.5%) than for steel impactors (70.6%, p = 0.015). On CT-images, damage of the frontal, temporal, zygomatic and lacrimal bones was detected. Furthermore, the orbital socket (17.2%), the supraorbital foramen (34.5%) and the temporomandibular joint (58.6%) were involved. The frequency of affected orbital bones was not significantly different between fractures generated by steel and horn impactors, but the fracture severity was subjectively greater when fractures were generated by steel impactors. Clinical Significance The orbital fracture probability was significantly higher when a kick of a shod versus unshod horse was simulated. This indicates that keeping horses unshod would decrease the injury risk of neighbouring horses when considering group housing systems.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Risk of a Shod and Unshod Horse Kick to Create Orbital Fractures in Equine Cadaveric Skulls

Joss

Baschnagel

Ohlerth

et al. 2019

Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol

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Simulated Kick Injury to the Mandible in Horses: Study of Fracture Configurations and Physical Parameters of the Impact

Gfrerer

Suéry

Fürst

et al. 2022

Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol

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Objective The goal of this study was to generate mandibular fractures in three regions of the diastema using a metal impactor to simulate a kick from a horse and to determine the mean deceleration in the initial phase of the impact event, the maximum contact force, the impact energy necessary to create a fracture and the duration of the impact. Study Design Thirty heads of horses aged between 5 and 20 years and euthanatized for various reasons were used. The heads were attached to a steel bar at the occiput at an axial angle of 45 degrees so that the body of the mandible was positioned horizontally and directly under the trajectory of the impactor. A 2 kg solid impactor was dropped with velocities of 6 to 14 m/s to simulate a kick from a horse. The impact was recorded using a high-speed video camera with a frame rate of 30,000 frames per second. Radiographs of the heads were obtained before and after the simulated kick. Results Mandibular fractures with configurations similar to those seen in clinical practice were generated at all three locations. The mean deceleration increased with impact velocity and with more cranially located impact positions. Absorbed energy increased with increasing impact velocity when no fracture was generated. Conclusion The susceptibility to experimental fracture of the diastema increased from rostral to caudal locations, which is most probably caused by decreasing mandibular bone strength and an increase in the curvature at the lateroventral aspect of the mandible in that region. Physical parameters depended on fracture occurrence and type.

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Teaching: confidence, prediction and tolerance intervals in scientific practice: a tutorial on binary variables

Hartnack

Roos

2021

Emerg Themes Epidemiol

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Background One of the emerging themes in epidemiology is the use of interval estimates. Currently, three interval estimates for confidence (CI), prediction (PI), and tolerance (TI) are at a researcher's disposal and are accessible within the open access framework in R. These three types of statistical intervals serve different purposes. Confidence intervals are designed to describe a parameter with some uncertainty due to sampling errors. Prediction intervals aim to predict future observation(s), including some uncertainty present in the actual and future samples. Tolerance intervals are constructed to capture a specified proportion of a population with a defined confidence. It is well known that interval estimates support a greater knowledge gain than point estimates. Thus, a good understanding and the use of CI, PI, and TI underlie good statistical practice. While CIs are taught in introductory statistical classes, PIs and TIs are less familiar. Results In this paper, we provide a concise tutorial on two-sided CI, PI and TI for binary variables. This hands-on tutorial is based on our teaching materials. It contains an overview of the meaning and applicability from both a classical and a Bayesian perspective. Based on a worked-out example from veterinary medicine, we provide guidance and code that can be directly applied in R. Conclusions This tutorial can be used by others for teaching, either in a class or for self-instruction of students and senior researchers.

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The influence of aluminium, steel and polyurethane shoeing systems and of the unshod hoof on the injury risk of a horse kick

Cited by 4 publications

References 27 publications

The Risk of a Shod and Unshod Horse Kick to Create Orbital Fractures in Equine Cadaveric Skulls

The Risk of a Shod and Unshod Horse Kick to Create Orbital Fractures in Equine Cadaveric Skulls

Simulated Kick Injury to the Mandible in Horses: Study of Fracture Configurations and Physical Parameters of the Impact

Teaching: confidence, prediction and tolerance intervals in scientific practice: a tutorial on binary variables

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