The influence of hair bleach on the ultrastructure of human hair with special reference to hair damage

Abstract

Summary: The influence of human hair bleaching agents with different bleaching strength on the ultrastructure of human hair was studied using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer equipped with TEM (EDS-TEM). Two kinds of bleaching agents were used: a lightener agent with a weak bleaching effect and a powder-bleach with a stronger bleaching effect.From the comparison of the bleaching properties obtained by the electronic staining of black and white hair samples, it was suggested that the permeability of hair was increased by bleaching, and there was an increase of the stainability of hair subjected to electronic staining. The bleaching action provoked the decomposition of melanin granules and the flow out of granular contents into the intermacrofibrillar matrix. Some metal elements were detected in the melanin granular matrix by EDS-TEM. As a result, the diffusion of metal elements into the intermacrofibrillar matrix promoted further damage to the hair by catalytic action with the hydrogen peroxide in the bleaching agents outside the melanin granules. Further study will lead us to the edge of the development of a new bleaching agent, which reacts only with melanin granules and causes the minimum of damage to outside the melanin granules.

PTCA (1H‐pyrrole‐2,3,5‐tricarboxylic acid) as a marker for oxidative hair treatment

“…Cosmetic manipulation of hair causes problems in the interpretation of hair analysis data. Especially oxidative treatment in alkaline media may result in a relevant loss of xenobiotics . To identify hair manipulation, the inspection of hair samples by fluorescence microscopy was found to be a reliable and sensitive method to prove oxidized hair, but this is not a routine procedure in most laboratories.…”

“…Especially oxidative treatment in alkaline media may result in a relevant loss of xenobiotics. 22,23 To identify hair manipulation, the inspection of hair samples by fluorescence microscopy 7 was found to be a reliable and sensitive method to prove oxidized hair, but this is not a routine procedure in most laboratories. Usually colored extracts only may lead to the suspicion of hair coloration.…”

Kılın Sodyum Hipoklorit ile İşlem Görmesinin Morfolojik Etkileri

“…NaClO pH'sı 11,5 veya üstünde olan (7,8) oldukça alkali özellikte bir kimyasal maddedir. Bu kimyasal maddenin diğer ağartıcı etkili maddeler gibi pigment granüllerini parçaladığı ve p i g m e n t l e r i n y ı k ı l m a s ı s o n u c u n u d o ğ u r d u ğ u düşünülmüştür (6). Mekanizmanın açığa çıkarılması için elektron mikroskobu çalışmalarına ihtiyaç vardır.…”

“…Kılın kimyasal işleminin fiziksel etkileri ile ilgili yapılmış olan araştırmalar genellikle kılın boyanması veya hidrojen peroksit (H O ) ile yapılan ağartma işlemi 2 2 ile ilgilidir (3,4,5,6). Ancak yaptığımız araştırmada Na Hipoklorit (NaClO) ile işlemin kıl üzerindeki morfolojik e t k i l e r i n i a r a ş t ı r a n s p e s i fi k b i r ç a l ı ş m a y a rastlanılmamıştır.…”

Compositional changes of human hair melanin resulting from bleach treatment investigated by nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry

“…Their influence on mechanical properties of the hair has been determined by a tensile tester (20,21), bending tester (22), and torsion tester (23). The morphological changes of hair resulting from chemical treatments have been observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (21,24) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (14,25). Vibrational techniques such as infrared and Raman spectroscopy have been often used to determine structural changes of hair by chemical treatments (25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30).…”