“…This may have happened because the dimensions of both learning effort models had not been previously empirically analyzed and both conceptualizations had solely been done in light of the literature. However, a review of the related literature proves that many researchers have acknowledged attention and attentiveness as a dimension of effort (Ceballo, McLoyd, & Toyokawa, 2004;Chao, 2001;Cho, 2015;Cowan, 2005;Finn, Lee, Kraus, & Hudson Kam, 2014;Idan & Margalit, 2014;Shouse, Schneider, & Plank, 1992). Moreover, as argued by Kanfer (1992), effort is both physical and cognitive, and as asserted by many scholars, cognitive effort is the load of attention apportioned to a process, learning English in this context.…”