“…Interdependence, by contrast, involves the self being intertwined with social context, understood as an agent who depends on others and strives for harmony. In addition to its theoretical impact, the theory has been applied in various fields, including personality (e.g., Ashton-James, Van Baaren, Chartrand, Decety, & Karremans, 2007;Baldwin & Sinclair, 1996), organizational psychology (e.g., Bond, 1996;Brockner, De Cremer, van den Bos, & Chen, 2005;Goncalo & Staw, 2006), and consumer psychology (e.g., Ahluwalia, 2008;Zhang & Shrum, 2009 Despite the key role of self-construal in understanding the outcomes of self-related phenomena, including self-other related cognition, motivation, emotion, decision making, and information processing (Markus & Kitayama, 1991;van Baaren, Maddux, Chartrand, De Bouter, & van Knippenberg, 2003), overall understanding of self-construal itself remains limited. Partly for this reason, the theory has been subject to various critiques, centered on three issues: apparent lack of theoretical clarity, challenging empirical findings, and methodological issues regarding the measurement of self-construal.…”